PROSPECTS FOR LIFE IN THE SUBGLACIAL LAKE VOSTOK, EAST ANTARCTICA

• Published in: Ice and Snow
• Main Authors: S. A. Bulat, D. Marie, J.-R. Petit
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: Russian
• Published: Nauka 2015
• Subjects: антарктический ледниковый покров; конжеляционный лёд; обнаружение жизни; подледниковые водные среды; хемолитоавтотрофы; экстремальная среда; hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus; Science; Q; Antarctic; East Antarctic Ice Sheet; East Antarctica; Lake Vostok; Vostok Station; Antarc*; Antarctica; Ice Sheet
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2012-4-92-96; https://doaj.org/article/b9a68355e4174b0bbd2cc020394c3fed

The objective was to estimate the genuine microbial content of ice samples from refrozen water (accretion ice) from the subglacialLakeVostok(Antarctica) buried beneath the 4-km thick East Antarctic ice sheet as well as surface snow nearby Vostok station. The lake ice samples were extracted by heavy deep ice drilling from3764 mbelow the surface reaching the depth3769.3 mby February 2011 (lake entering). High pressure, an ultra low carbon and chemical content, isolation, complete darkness and the probable excess of oxygen in water for millions of years characterize this extreme environment. A decontamination protocol was first applied to samples selected for the absence of cracks to remove the outer part contaminated by handling and drilling fluid. Preliminary indications showed the accretion ice samples to be almost gas free with the very low impurity content. Flow cytometry showed the very low unevenly distributed biomass in both accretion (0–19 cells per ml) and glacier (0–24 cells per ml) ice and surface snow (0–0.02 cells per ml) as well while repeated microscopic observations were unsuccessful meaning that the whole Central East Antarctic ice sheet seems to be microbial cell-free.We used strategies of Ancient DNA research that include establishing contaminant databases and criteria to validate the amplification results. To date, positive results that passed the artifacts and contaminant databases have been obtained for a few bacterial phylotypes only in accretion ice samples featured by some bedrock sediments. Amongst them are the chemolithoautotrophic thermophile Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus of beta-Proteobacteria, the actinobacterium rather related (95%) to Ilumatobacter luminis and one unclassified phylotype distantly related (92%) to soil-inhabiting uncultured bacteria. Combined with geochemical and geophysical considerations, our results suggest the presence of a deep biosphere, possibly thriving within some active faults of the bedrock encircling the subglacial lake, where the temperature can be as ...