Epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in Central Division, Fiji, 2014-2017: A case-control study.
Typhoid fever is endemic in Fiji, with high reported annual incidence. We sought to identify the sources and modes of transmission of typhoid fever in Fiji with the aim to inform disease control.We identified and surveyed patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever from January 2014 through...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:b918e950ef1443c1aec626ecd6c48bb9 2023-05-15T15:13:27+02:00 Epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in Central Division, Fiji, 2014-2017: A case-control study. Namrata Prasad Aaron P Jenkins Lanieta Naucukidi Varanisese Rosa Aalisha Sahu-Khan Mike Kama Kylie M Jenkins Adam W J Jenney Susan J Jack Debasish Saha Pierre Horwitz Stacy D Jupiter Richard A Strugnell E Kim Mulholland John A Crump 2018-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006571 https://doaj.org/article/b918e950ef1443c1aec626ecd6c48bb9 EN eng Public Library of Science (PLoS) http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6010302?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006571 https://doaj.org/article/b918e950ef1443c1aec626ecd6c48bb9 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 12, Iss 6, p e0006571 (2018) Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 article 2018 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006571 2022-12-31T00:02:36Z Typhoid fever is endemic in Fiji, with high reported annual incidence. We sought to identify the sources and modes of transmission of typhoid fever in Fiji with the aim to inform disease control.We identified and surveyed patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever from January 2014 through January 2017. For each typhoid fever case we matched two controls by age interval, gender, ethnicity, and residential area. Univariable and multivariable analysis were used to evaluate associations between exposures and risk for typhoid fever. We enrolled 175 patients with typhoid fever and 349 controls. Of the cases, the median (range) age was 29 (2-67) years, 86 (49%) were male, and 84 (48%) lived in a rural area. On multivariable analysis, interrupted water availability (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-4.00), drinking surface water in the last 2 weeks (OR = 3.61; 95% CI 1.44-9.06), eating unwashed produce (OR = 2.69; 95% CI 1.48-4.91), and having an unimproved or damaged sanitation facility (OR = 4.30; 95% CI 1.14-16.21) were significantly associated with typhoid fever. Frequent handwashing after defecating (OR = 0.57; 95% CI 0.35-0.93) and using soap for handwashing (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.37-0.95) were independently associated with a lower odds of typhoid fever.Poor sanitation facilities appear to be a major source of Salmonella Typhi in Fiji, with transmission by drinking contaminated surface water and consuming unwashed produce. Improved sanitation facilities and protection of surface water sources and produce from contamination by human feces are likely to contribute to typhoid control in Fiji. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12 6 e0006571 |
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Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
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English |
topic |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
spellingShingle |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Namrata Prasad Aaron P Jenkins Lanieta Naucukidi Varanisese Rosa Aalisha Sahu-Khan Mike Kama Kylie M Jenkins Adam W J Jenney Susan J Jack Debasish Saha Pierre Horwitz Stacy D Jupiter Richard A Strugnell E Kim Mulholland John A Crump Epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in Central Division, Fiji, 2014-2017: A case-control study. |
topic_facet |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
description |
Typhoid fever is endemic in Fiji, with high reported annual incidence. We sought to identify the sources and modes of transmission of typhoid fever in Fiji with the aim to inform disease control.We identified and surveyed patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever from January 2014 through January 2017. For each typhoid fever case we matched two controls by age interval, gender, ethnicity, and residential area. Univariable and multivariable analysis were used to evaluate associations between exposures and risk for typhoid fever. We enrolled 175 patients with typhoid fever and 349 controls. Of the cases, the median (range) age was 29 (2-67) years, 86 (49%) were male, and 84 (48%) lived in a rural area. On multivariable analysis, interrupted water availability (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-4.00), drinking surface water in the last 2 weeks (OR = 3.61; 95% CI 1.44-9.06), eating unwashed produce (OR = 2.69; 95% CI 1.48-4.91), and having an unimproved or damaged sanitation facility (OR = 4.30; 95% CI 1.14-16.21) were significantly associated with typhoid fever. Frequent handwashing after defecating (OR = 0.57; 95% CI 0.35-0.93) and using soap for handwashing (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.37-0.95) were independently associated with a lower odds of typhoid fever.Poor sanitation facilities appear to be a major source of Salmonella Typhi in Fiji, with transmission by drinking contaminated surface water and consuming unwashed produce. Improved sanitation facilities and protection of surface water sources and produce from contamination by human feces are likely to contribute to typhoid control in Fiji. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Namrata Prasad Aaron P Jenkins Lanieta Naucukidi Varanisese Rosa Aalisha Sahu-Khan Mike Kama Kylie M Jenkins Adam W J Jenney Susan J Jack Debasish Saha Pierre Horwitz Stacy D Jupiter Richard A Strugnell E Kim Mulholland John A Crump |
author_facet |
Namrata Prasad Aaron P Jenkins Lanieta Naucukidi Varanisese Rosa Aalisha Sahu-Khan Mike Kama Kylie M Jenkins Adam W J Jenney Susan J Jack Debasish Saha Pierre Horwitz Stacy D Jupiter Richard A Strugnell E Kim Mulholland John A Crump |
author_sort |
Namrata Prasad |
title |
Epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in Central Division, Fiji, 2014-2017: A case-control study. |
title_short |
Epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in Central Division, Fiji, 2014-2017: A case-control study. |
title_full |
Epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in Central Division, Fiji, 2014-2017: A case-control study. |
title_fullStr |
Epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in Central Division, Fiji, 2014-2017: A case-control study. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in Central Division, Fiji, 2014-2017: A case-control study. |
title_sort |
epidemiology and risk factors for typhoid fever in central division, fiji, 2014-2017: a case-control study. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006571 https://doaj.org/article/b918e950ef1443c1aec626ecd6c48bb9 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 12, Iss 6, p e0006571 (2018) |
op_relation |
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6010302?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006571 https://doaj.org/article/b918e950ef1443c1aec626ecd6c48bb9 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006571 |
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PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
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12 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
e0006571 |
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