Spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hongta District, Yunnan Province, China.
BACKGROUND: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are endemic in Hongta District and their prevalence, at 113 per 100,000 individuals, remains the highest in China. However, the exact sources of the disease and its main epidemiological characteristics have not yet been clearly identified. METHODS AND FINDIN...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:b734ef7cb65d4ac0b93eaba3cd68edf2 2023-05-15T15:10:41+02:00 Spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hongta District, Yunnan Province, China. Jin-Feng Wang Yan Wang Jing Zhang George Christakos Jun-Ling Sun Xin Liu Lin Lu Xiao-Qing Fu Yu-Qiong Shi Xue-Mei Li 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002112 https://doaj.org/article/b734ef7cb65d4ac0b93eaba3cd68edf2 EN eng Public Library of Science (PLoS) http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3597484?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002112 1935-2727 1935-2735 https://doaj.org/article/b734ef7cb65d4ac0b93eaba3cd68edf2 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 7, Iss 3, p e2112 (2013) Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 article 2013 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002112 2022-12-31T03:37:35Z BACKGROUND: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are endemic in Hongta District and their prevalence, at 113 per 100,000 individuals, remains the highest in China. However, the exact sources of the disease and its main epidemiological characteristics have not yet been clearly identified. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Numbers of typhoid and paratyphoid cases per day during the period 2006 to 2010 were obtained from the Chinese Center of Disease Control (CDC). A number of suspected disease determinants (or their proxies), were considered for use in spatiotemporal analysis: these included locations of discharge canals and food markets, as well as socio-economic and environmental factors. Results showed that disease prevalence was spatially clustered with clusters decreasing with increasing distance from markets and discharge canals. More than half of the spatial variance could be explained by a combination of economic conditions and availability of health facilities. Temporal prevalence fluctuations were positively associated with the monthly precipitation series. Polluted hospital and residential wastewater was being discharged into rainwater canals. Salmonella bacteria were found in canal water, on farmland and on vegetables sold in markets. CONCLUSION: DISEASE TRANSMISSION IN HONGTA DISTRICT IS DRIVEN PRINCIPALLY BY TWO SPATIOTEMPORALLY COUPLED CYCLES: one involving seasonal variations and the other the distribution of polluted farmland (where vegetables are grown and sold in markets). Disease transmission was exacerbated by the fact that rainwater canals were being used for disposal of polluted waste from hospitals and residential areas. Social factors and their interactions also played a significant role in disease transmission. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7 3 e2112 |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Jin-Feng Wang Yan Wang Jing Zhang George Christakos Jun-Ling Sun Xin Liu Lin Lu Xiao-Qing Fu Yu-Qiong Shi Xue-Mei Li Spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hongta District, Yunnan Province, China. |
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
description |
BACKGROUND: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are endemic in Hongta District and their prevalence, at 113 per 100,000 individuals, remains the highest in China. However, the exact sources of the disease and its main epidemiological characteristics have not yet been clearly identified. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Numbers of typhoid and paratyphoid cases per day during the period 2006 to 2010 were obtained from the Chinese Center of Disease Control (CDC). A number of suspected disease determinants (or their proxies), were considered for use in spatiotemporal analysis: these included locations of discharge canals and food markets, as well as socio-economic and environmental factors. Results showed that disease prevalence was spatially clustered with clusters decreasing with increasing distance from markets and discharge canals. More than half of the spatial variance could be explained by a combination of economic conditions and availability of health facilities. Temporal prevalence fluctuations were positively associated with the monthly precipitation series. Polluted hospital and residential wastewater was being discharged into rainwater canals. Salmonella bacteria were found in canal water, on farmland and on vegetables sold in markets. CONCLUSION: DISEASE TRANSMISSION IN HONGTA DISTRICT IS DRIVEN PRINCIPALLY BY TWO SPATIOTEMPORALLY COUPLED CYCLES: one involving seasonal variations and the other the distribution of polluted farmland (where vegetables are grown and sold in markets). Disease transmission was exacerbated by the fact that rainwater canals were being used for disposal of polluted waste from hospitals and residential areas. Social factors and their interactions also played a significant role in disease transmission. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Jin-Feng Wang Yan Wang Jing Zhang George Christakos Jun-Ling Sun Xin Liu Lin Lu Xiao-Qing Fu Yu-Qiong Shi Xue-Mei Li |
author_facet |
Jin-Feng Wang Yan Wang Jing Zhang George Christakos Jun-Ling Sun Xin Liu Lin Lu Xiao-Qing Fu Yu-Qiong Shi Xue-Mei Li |
author_sort |
Jin-Feng Wang |
title |
Spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hongta District, Yunnan Province, China. |
title_short |
Spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hongta District, Yunnan Province, China. |
title_full |
Spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hongta District, Yunnan Province, China. |
title_fullStr |
Spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hongta District, Yunnan Province, China. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hongta District, Yunnan Province, China. |
title_sort |
spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in hongta district, yunnan province, china. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002112 https://doaj.org/article/b734ef7cb65d4ac0b93eaba3cd68edf2 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 7, Iss 3, p e2112 (2013) |
op_relation |
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3597484?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002112 1935-2727 1935-2735 https://doaj.org/article/b734ef7cb65d4ac0b93eaba3cd68edf2 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002112 |
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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
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7 |
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3 |
container_start_page |
e2112 |
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1766341665299103744 |