Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution
We derive water mass transformation and formation rates using satellite-derived datasets of salinity, temperature and fluxes of heat and freshwater over the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Ocean. The formation rates are expressed in three coordinate systems: (1) density, (2) temperature-s...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:b5a4706153b74da18044f77c5515f7f9 2023-05-15T14:03:12+02:00 Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution Aqeel Piracha Roberto Sabia Marlene Klockmann Luigi Castaldo Diego Fernández 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00589 https://doaj.org/article/b5a4706153b74da18044f77c5515f7f9 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00589/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00589 https://doaj.org/article/b5a4706153b74da18044f77c5515f7f9 Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 6 (2019) satellite SMOS water mass water mass formation sea surface salinity mode water Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 article 2019 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00589 2022-12-31T02:40:49Z We derive water mass transformation and formation rates using satellite-derived datasets of salinity, temperature and fluxes of heat and freshwater over the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Ocean. The formation rates are expressed in three coordinate systems: (1) density, (2) temperature-salinity and (3) latitude-longitude. In the North Atlantic and North Pacific, peak formation occurs south of the western boundary current extensions during the winter months of the study period. In the Southern Ocean, wintertime peak formation occurs just north of the sub-Antarctic Front. The satellite-derived water mass properties and formation areas agree well with previous estimates from literature. The location of peak Mode Water formation varies slightly with time in all coordinate systems. We assess seasonal and inter-annual variability in all three basins from 2012 to 2014. We assess the impact of satellite uncertainties on final estimates of formation rates and areas with Monte-Carlo simulations. The simulations provide insights on the associated uncertainty of formation estimates. They also provide information on the geographic spread of the water mass formation area subject to the satellite errors. We find that the total uncertainty is dominated by the uncertainty in the sea surface salinity dataset. This stresses the need for frequent and increasingly accurate sea surface salinity data for reliable estimates of water mass formation rates and areas. Our study highlights the feasibility of providing satellite-based estimates of water mass formation rates and areas. The good spatio-temporal coverage of satellite data further adds to the utility of the approach. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic Southern Ocean Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Antarctic Southern Ocean Pacific Frontiers in Marine Science 6 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
satellite SMOS water mass water mass formation sea surface salinity mode water Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
spellingShingle |
satellite SMOS water mass water mass formation sea surface salinity mode water Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Aqeel Piracha Roberto Sabia Marlene Klockmann Luigi Castaldo Diego Fernández Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution |
topic_facet |
satellite SMOS water mass water mass formation sea surface salinity mode water Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
description |
We derive water mass transformation and formation rates using satellite-derived datasets of salinity, temperature and fluxes of heat and freshwater over the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Ocean. The formation rates are expressed in three coordinate systems: (1) density, (2) temperature-salinity and (3) latitude-longitude. In the North Atlantic and North Pacific, peak formation occurs south of the western boundary current extensions during the winter months of the study period. In the Southern Ocean, wintertime peak formation occurs just north of the sub-Antarctic Front. The satellite-derived water mass properties and formation areas agree well with previous estimates from literature. The location of peak Mode Water formation varies slightly with time in all coordinate systems. We assess seasonal and inter-annual variability in all three basins from 2012 to 2014. We assess the impact of satellite uncertainties on final estimates of formation rates and areas with Monte-Carlo simulations. The simulations provide insights on the associated uncertainty of formation estimates. They also provide information on the geographic spread of the water mass formation area subject to the satellite errors. We find that the total uncertainty is dominated by the uncertainty in the sea surface salinity dataset. This stresses the need for frequent and increasingly accurate sea surface salinity data for reliable estimates of water mass formation rates and areas. Our study highlights the feasibility of providing satellite-based estimates of water mass formation rates and areas. The good spatio-temporal coverage of satellite data further adds to the utility of the approach. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Aqeel Piracha Roberto Sabia Marlene Klockmann Luigi Castaldo Diego Fernández |
author_facet |
Aqeel Piracha Roberto Sabia Marlene Klockmann Luigi Castaldo Diego Fernández |
author_sort |
Aqeel Piracha |
title |
Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution |
title_short |
Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution |
title_full |
Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution |
title_fullStr |
Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution |
title_full_unstemmed |
Satellite-Driven Estimates of Water Mass Formation and Their Spatio-Temporal Evolution |
title_sort |
satellite-driven estimates of water mass formation and their spatio-temporal evolution |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00589 https://doaj.org/article/b5a4706153b74da18044f77c5515f7f9 |
geographic |
Antarctic Southern Ocean Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Southern Ocean Pacific |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic Southern Ocean |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 6 (2019) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00589/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00589 https://doaj.org/article/b5a4706153b74da18044f77c5515f7f9 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00589 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
6 |
_version_ |
1766273761257979904 |