The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions in the latter part of the 20th century reduced stratospheric ozone abundance substantially, especially in the Antarctic region. Simultaneously, polar stratospheric ozone is also destroyed catalytically by nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) descending from the meso...
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2022
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:b458352124c1473ea55e979d87039467 2023-05-15T13:59:26+02:00 The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century V. Maliniemi P. Arsenovic A. Seppälä H. Nesse Tyssøy 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8137-2022 https://doaj.org/article/b458352124c1473ea55e979d87039467 EN eng Copernicus Publications https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/8137/2022/acp-22-8137-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7316 https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7324 doi:10.5194/acp-22-8137-2022 1680-7316 1680-7324 https://doaj.org/article/b458352124c1473ea55e979d87039467 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 22, Pp 8137-8149 (2022) Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8137-2022 2022-12-31T02:49:04Z Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions in the latter part of the 20th century reduced stratospheric ozone abundance substantially, especially in the Antarctic region. Simultaneously, polar stratospheric ozone is also destroyed catalytically by nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) descending from the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere during winter. These are produced by energetic particle precipitation (EPP) linked to solar activity and space weather. Active chlorine (ClO x = Cl + ClO) can also react mutually with EPP-produced NO x or hydrogen oxides (HO x ) and transform both reactive agents into reservoir gases, chlorine nitrate or hydrogen chloride, which buffer ozone destruction by all these agents. We study the interaction between EPP-produced NO x , ClO and ozone over the 20th century by using free-running climate simulations of the chemistry–climate model SOCOL3-MPIOM. A substantial increase of NO x descending to the polar stratosphere is found during winter, which causes ozone depletion in the upper and mid-stratosphere. However, in the Antarctic mid-stratosphere, the EPP-induced ozone depletion became less efficient after the 1960s, especially during springtime. Simultaneously, a significant decrease in stratospheric ClO and an increase in hydrogen chloride – and partly chlorine nitrate between 10–30 hPa – can be ascribed to EPP forcing. Hence, the interaction between EPP-produced <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M13" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">HO</mi><mi>x</mi></msub></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="51pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="98ca2d0ce39eb5edb37137915c5f828d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-22-8137-2022-ie00001.svg" ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Antarctic The Antarctic Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22 12 8137 8149 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
spellingShingle |
Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 V. Maliniemi P. Arsenovic A. Seppälä H. Nesse Tyssøy The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century |
topic_facet |
Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
description |
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions in the latter part of the 20th century reduced stratospheric ozone abundance substantially, especially in the Antarctic region. Simultaneously, polar stratospheric ozone is also destroyed catalytically by nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) descending from the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere during winter. These are produced by energetic particle precipitation (EPP) linked to solar activity and space weather. Active chlorine (ClO x = Cl + ClO) can also react mutually with EPP-produced NO x or hydrogen oxides (HO x ) and transform both reactive agents into reservoir gases, chlorine nitrate or hydrogen chloride, which buffer ozone destruction by all these agents. We study the interaction between EPP-produced NO x , ClO and ozone over the 20th century by using free-running climate simulations of the chemistry–climate model SOCOL3-MPIOM. A substantial increase of NO x descending to the polar stratosphere is found during winter, which causes ozone depletion in the upper and mid-stratosphere. However, in the Antarctic mid-stratosphere, the EPP-induced ozone depletion became less efficient after the 1960s, especially during springtime. Simultaneously, a significant decrease in stratospheric ClO and an increase in hydrogen chloride – and partly chlorine nitrate between 10–30 hPa – can be ascribed to EPP forcing. Hence, the interaction between EPP-produced <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M13" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">HO</mi><mi>x</mi></msub></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="51pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="98ca2d0ce39eb5edb37137915c5f828d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-22-8137-2022-ie00001.svg" ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
V. Maliniemi P. Arsenovic A. Seppälä H. Nesse Tyssøy |
author_facet |
V. Maliniemi P. Arsenovic A. Seppälä H. Nesse Tyssøy |
author_sort |
V. Maliniemi |
title |
The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century |
title_short |
The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century |
title_full |
The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century |
title_fullStr |
The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century |
title_full_unstemmed |
The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century |
title_sort |
influence of energetic particle precipitation on antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8137-2022 https://doaj.org/article/b458352124c1473ea55e979d87039467 |
geographic |
Antarctic The Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic The Antarctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic |
op_source |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 22, Pp 8137-8149 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/8137/2022/acp-22-8137-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7316 https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7324 doi:10.5194/acp-22-8137-2022 1680-7316 1680-7324 https://doaj.org/article/b458352124c1473ea55e979d87039467 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8137-2022 |
container_title |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
container_volume |
22 |
container_issue |
12 |
container_start_page |
8137 |
op_container_end_page |
8149 |
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1766267980660867072 |