Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study.
Pathogens originating from wildlife (zoonoses) pose a significant public health burden, comprising the majority of emerging infectious diseases. Efforts to control and prevent zoonotic disease have traditionally focused on animal-to-human transmission, or "spillover." However, in the moder...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:b3cb2c5b9323418091f8e8bab25161fd 2023-05-15T15:13:01+02:00 Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. Sarah Guth Kathryn A Hanley Benjamin M Althouse Mike Boots 2020-08-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008338 https://doaj.org/article/b3cb2c5b9323418091f8e8bab25161fd EN eng Public Library of Science (PLoS) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008338 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008338 https://doaj.org/article/b3cb2c5b9323418091f8e8bab25161fd PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 14, Iss 8, p e0008338 (2020) Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008338 2022-12-31T05:07:34Z Pathogens originating from wildlife (zoonoses) pose a significant public health burden, comprising the majority of emerging infectious diseases. Efforts to control and prevent zoonotic disease have traditionally focused on animal-to-human transmission, or "spillover." However, in the modern era, increasing international mobility and commerce facilitate the spread of infected humans, nonhuman animals (hereafter animals), and their products worldwide, thereby increasing the risk that zoonoses will be introduced to new geographic areas. Imported zoonoses can potentially "spill back" to infect local wildlife-a danger magnified by urbanization and other anthropogenic pressures that increase contacts between human and wildlife populations. In this way, humans can function as vectors, dispersing zoonoses from their ancestral enzootic systems to establish reservoirs elsewhere in novel animal host populations. Once established, these enzootic cycles are largely unassailable by standard control measures and have the potential to feed human epidemics. Understanding when and why translocated zoonoses establish novel enzootic cycles requires disentangling ecologically complex and stochastic interactions between the zoonosis, the human population, and the natural ecosystem. In this Review, we address this challenge by delineating potential ecological mechanisms affecting each stage of enzootic establishment-wildlife exposure, enzootic infection, and persistence-applying existing ecological concepts from epidemiology, invasion biology, and population ecology. We ground our discussion in the neotropics, where four arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of zoonotic origin-yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses-have separately been introduced into the human population. This paper is a step towards developing a framework for predicting and preventing novel enzootic cycles in the face of zoonotic translocations. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14 8 e0008338 |
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Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
spellingShingle |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Sarah Guth Kathryn A Hanley Benjamin M Althouse Mike Boots Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. |
topic_facet |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
description |
Pathogens originating from wildlife (zoonoses) pose a significant public health burden, comprising the majority of emerging infectious diseases. Efforts to control and prevent zoonotic disease have traditionally focused on animal-to-human transmission, or "spillover." However, in the modern era, increasing international mobility and commerce facilitate the spread of infected humans, nonhuman animals (hereafter animals), and their products worldwide, thereby increasing the risk that zoonoses will be introduced to new geographic areas. Imported zoonoses can potentially "spill back" to infect local wildlife-a danger magnified by urbanization and other anthropogenic pressures that increase contacts between human and wildlife populations. In this way, humans can function as vectors, dispersing zoonoses from their ancestral enzootic systems to establish reservoirs elsewhere in novel animal host populations. Once established, these enzootic cycles are largely unassailable by standard control measures and have the potential to feed human epidemics. Understanding when and why translocated zoonoses establish novel enzootic cycles requires disentangling ecologically complex and stochastic interactions between the zoonosis, the human population, and the natural ecosystem. In this Review, we address this challenge by delineating potential ecological mechanisms affecting each stage of enzootic establishment-wildlife exposure, enzootic infection, and persistence-applying existing ecological concepts from epidemiology, invasion biology, and population ecology. We ground our discussion in the neotropics, where four arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of zoonotic origin-yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses-have separately been introduced into the human population. This paper is a step towards developing a framework for predicting and preventing novel enzootic cycles in the face of zoonotic translocations. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Sarah Guth Kathryn A Hanley Benjamin M Althouse Mike Boots |
author_facet |
Sarah Guth Kathryn A Hanley Benjamin M Althouse Mike Boots |
author_sort |
Sarah Guth |
title |
Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. |
title_short |
Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. |
title_full |
Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. |
title_fullStr |
Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. |
title_sort |
ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008338 https://doaj.org/article/b3cb2c5b9323418091f8e8bab25161fd |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 14, Iss 8, p e0008338 (2020) |
op_relation |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008338 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008338 https://doaj.org/article/b3cb2c5b9323418091f8e8bab25161fd |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008338 |
container_title |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
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14 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
e0008338 |
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1766343615451234304 |