Variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Nordic Seas Over the Past Three Decades (1991-2019)
The Nordic Seas have been widely implicated by deep water formation as a part of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This study explores the spatiotemporal variations in the near-surface salinity over the Nordic Seas associated with surface freshening factors by using monthly TOPAZ4 reanaly...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:a98aef3c975a4837b7180d4fc874c966 2023-05-15T15:18:28+02:00 Variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Nordic Seas Over the Past Three Decades (1991-2019) Ji-Eun Park Hyun-Cheol Kim Kyoung-Ho Cho 2022-09-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.969159 https://doaj.org/article/a98aef3c975a4837b7180d4fc874c966 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.969159/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.969159 https://doaj.org/article/a98aef3c975a4837b7180d4fc874c966 Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 9 (2022) near-surface salinity the Nordic Seas surface freshening reanalysis data deep convection climate change Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.969159 2022-12-30T19:51:35Z The Nordic Seas have been widely implicated by deep water formation as a part of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This study explores the spatiotemporal variations in the near-surface salinity over the Nordic Seas associated with surface freshening factors by using monthly TOPAZ4 reanalysis data from 1991 to 2019. We first show that reliability of TOPAZ4 data compared to the salinity products of other reanalysis data, satellite data, and in-situ measurements in the Nordic Seas. The salinity variability was larger in the Greenland Sea (GS) than in the Norwegian Sea (NS) on both time scales of seasonal and interannual. The seasonal change of GS salinity was coincident with the seasonality of sea ice extent. The longer-time variations are decomposed by empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The GS salinity is mainly affected by current advection (29%) and sea ice extent (11%). The interannual response of salinity to the sea ice extent over the GS differs by season. NS salinity variability responds to the strength of the Subpolar Gyre associated with a large-scale atmospheric system that caused the freshening event in the mid-1990s. The propagation of the northward Atlantic Water core is observed over the period of about 3 years from the Faroe Shetland Channel to the Fram Strait at a speed of 2.6-6.5° year-1. Other freshening factors such as sea ice export from the Arctic, freshwater flux at the Fram Strait, and net precipitation are also discussed. For the past three decades, the continuous trend appeared only in the sea ice extent, which might be a signal of climate changes over high latitude. However, there was no significant trend other than the periodic change in a few years to the decadal time scale in the salinity of GS and NS. As preconditioning for deep convection, near-surface salinity within Greenland Sea Gyre was influenced by salinity fluctuation in both GS and NS. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Climate change Fram Strait Greenland Greenland Sea Nordic Seas Norwegian Sea Sea ice Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Greenland Norwegian Sea Frontiers in Marine Science 9 |
institution |
Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
near-surface salinity the Nordic Seas surface freshening reanalysis data deep convection climate change Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
spellingShingle |
near-surface salinity the Nordic Seas surface freshening reanalysis data deep convection climate change Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Ji-Eun Park Hyun-Cheol Kim Kyoung-Ho Cho Variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Nordic Seas Over the Past Three Decades (1991-2019) |
topic_facet |
near-surface salinity the Nordic Seas surface freshening reanalysis data deep convection climate change Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
description |
The Nordic Seas have been widely implicated by deep water formation as a part of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This study explores the spatiotemporal variations in the near-surface salinity over the Nordic Seas associated with surface freshening factors by using monthly TOPAZ4 reanalysis data from 1991 to 2019. We first show that reliability of TOPAZ4 data compared to the salinity products of other reanalysis data, satellite data, and in-situ measurements in the Nordic Seas. The salinity variability was larger in the Greenland Sea (GS) than in the Norwegian Sea (NS) on both time scales of seasonal and interannual. The seasonal change of GS salinity was coincident with the seasonality of sea ice extent. The longer-time variations are decomposed by empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The GS salinity is mainly affected by current advection (29%) and sea ice extent (11%). The interannual response of salinity to the sea ice extent over the GS differs by season. NS salinity variability responds to the strength of the Subpolar Gyre associated with a large-scale atmospheric system that caused the freshening event in the mid-1990s. The propagation of the northward Atlantic Water core is observed over the period of about 3 years from the Faroe Shetland Channel to the Fram Strait at a speed of 2.6-6.5° year-1. Other freshening factors such as sea ice export from the Arctic, freshwater flux at the Fram Strait, and net precipitation are also discussed. For the past three decades, the continuous trend appeared only in the sea ice extent, which might be a signal of climate changes over high latitude. However, there was no significant trend other than the periodic change in a few years to the decadal time scale in the salinity of GS and NS. As preconditioning for deep convection, near-surface salinity within Greenland Sea Gyre was influenced by salinity fluctuation in both GS and NS. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Ji-Eun Park Hyun-Cheol Kim Kyoung-Ho Cho |
author_facet |
Ji-Eun Park Hyun-Cheol Kim Kyoung-Ho Cho |
author_sort |
Ji-Eun Park |
title |
Variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Nordic Seas Over the Past Three Decades (1991-2019) |
title_short |
Variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Nordic Seas Over the Past Three Decades (1991-2019) |
title_full |
Variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Nordic Seas Over the Past Three Decades (1991-2019) |
title_fullStr |
Variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Nordic Seas Over the Past Three Decades (1991-2019) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Variability of Near-Surface Salinity in the Nordic Seas Over the Past Three Decades (1991-2019) |
title_sort |
variability of near-surface salinity in the nordic seas over the past three decades (1991-2019) |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.969159 https://doaj.org/article/a98aef3c975a4837b7180d4fc874c966 |
geographic |
Arctic Greenland Norwegian Sea |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Greenland Norwegian Sea |
genre |
Arctic Climate change Fram Strait Greenland Greenland Sea Nordic Seas Norwegian Sea Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Climate change Fram Strait Greenland Greenland Sea Nordic Seas Norwegian Sea Sea ice |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 9 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.969159/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.969159 https://doaj.org/article/a98aef3c975a4837b7180d4fc874c966 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.969159 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
9 |
_version_ |
1766348670001741824 |