Iron-Rich Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Particles Induce Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Cells
Svalbard is an arctic archipelago where coal mining generates all electricity via the local coal-fired power station. Coal combustion produces a waste product in the form of particulate matter (PM) coal fly ash (CFA), derived from incombustible minerals present in the feed coal. PM ≤10 µm (diameter)...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:a8304d2f552147fcbb89d41ae3a10ec1 2023-05-15T14:28:55+02:00 Iron-Rich Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Particles Induce Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Cells Matthew J. Lawson Zoe C. Prytherch Tim P. Jones Rachel A. Adams Kelly A. BéruBé 2020-11-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238368 https://doaj.org/article/a8304d2f552147fcbb89d41ae3a10ec1 EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/23/8368 https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417 doi:10.3390/app10238368 2076-3417 https://doaj.org/article/a8304d2f552147fcbb89d41ae3a10ec1 Applied Sciences, Vol 10, Iss 8368, p 8368 (2020) bioreactivity cytotoxicity coal fly ash particulate matter leachate iron-rich minerals Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238368 2022-12-31T09:37:57Z Svalbard is an arctic archipelago where coal mining generates all electricity via the local coal-fired power station. Coal combustion produces a waste product in the form of particulate matter (PM) coal fly ash (CFA), derived from incombustible minerals present in the feed coal. PM ≤10 µm (diameter) may be “inhaled” into the human respiratory system, and particles ≤2.5 µm may enter the distal alveoli to disrupt normal pulmonary functions and trigger disease pathways. This study discovered that Svalbard CFA contained unusually high levels of iron-rich magnetic minerals that induced adverse effects upon human lungs cells. Iron is a well-characterised driver of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, a driving force for cell death and disease. CFA physicochemical characterisation showed non-uniform particle morphologies indicative of coal burnt at inefficient combustion temperatures. The bioreactivity (ROS generation) of PM 2.5/10 fractions was measured using plasmid scission assay (PSA, DNA damage) and haemolysis assays (erythrocyte lysis), with PM 2.5 CFA showing significant bioreactivity. CFA leached in mild acid caused a significant increase in toxicity, which could occur in CFA waste-stores. The CFA and leachates were exposed to a surrogate model of human bronchial epithelia that confirmed that CFA induced apoptosis in bronchial cells. This study shows that CFA containing magnetic iron-rich minerals mediated adverse reactions in the human lung, and thus CFA should be considered to be an environmental inhalation hazard. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Archipelago Arctic Svalbard Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Svalbard Applied Sciences 10 23 8368 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
bioreactivity cytotoxicity coal fly ash particulate matter leachate iron-rich minerals Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
spellingShingle |
bioreactivity cytotoxicity coal fly ash particulate matter leachate iron-rich minerals Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Matthew J. Lawson Zoe C. Prytherch Tim P. Jones Rachel A. Adams Kelly A. BéruBé Iron-Rich Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Particles Induce Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Cells |
topic_facet |
bioreactivity cytotoxicity coal fly ash particulate matter leachate iron-rich minerals Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
description |
Svalbard is an arctic archipelago where coal mining generates all electricity via the local coal-fired power station. Coal combustion produces a waste product in the form of particulate matter (PM) coal fly ash (CFA), derived from incombustible minerals present in the feed coal. PM ≤10 µm (diameter) may be “inhaled” into the human respiratory system, and particles ≤2.5 µm may enter the distal alveoli to disrupt normal pulmonary functions and trigger disease pathways. This study discovered that Svalbard CFA contained unusually high levels of iron-rich magnetic minerals that induced adverse effects upon human lungs cells. Iron is a well-characterised driver of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, a driving force for cell death and disease. CFA physicochemical characterisation showed non-uniform particle morphologies indicative of coal burnt at inefficient combustion temperatures. The bioreactivity (ROS generation) of PM 2.5/10 fractions was measured using plasmid scission assay (PSA, DNA damage) and haemolysis assays (erythrocyte lysis), with PM 2.5 CFA showing significant bioreactivity. CFA leached in mild acid caused a significant increase in toxicity, which could occur in CFA waste-stores. The CFA and leachates were exposed to a surrogate model of human bronchial epithelia that confirmed that CFA induced apoptosis in bronchial cells. This study shows that CFA containing magnetic iron-rich minerals mediated adverse reactions in the human lung, and thus CFA should be considered to be an environmental inhalation hazard. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Matthew J. Lawson Zoe C. Prytherch Tim P. Jones Rachel A. Adams Kelly A. BéruBé |
author_facet |
Matthew J. Lawson Zoe C. Prytherch Tim P. Jones Rachel A. Adams Kelly A. BéruBé |
author_sort |
Matthew J. Lawson |
title |
Iron-Rich Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Particles Induce Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Cells |
title_short |
Iron-Rich Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Particles Induce Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Cells |
title_full |
Iron-Rich Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Particles Induce Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Cells |
title_fullStr |
Iron-Rich Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Particles Induce Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Cells |
title_full_unstemmed |
Iron-Rich Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Particles Induce Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Cells |
title_sort |
iron-rich magnetic coal fly ash particles induce apoptosis in human bronchial cells |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238368 https://doaj.org/article/a8304d2f552147fcbb89d41ae3a10ec1 |
geographic |
Arctic Svalbard |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Svalbard |
genre |
Arctic Archipelago Arctic Svalbard |
genre_facet |
Arctic Archipelago Arctic Svalbard |
op_source |
Applied Sciences, Vol 10, Iss 8368, p 8368 (2020) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/23/8368 https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417 doi:10.3390/app10238368 2076-3417 https://doaj.org/article/a8304d2f552147fcbb89d41ae3a10ec1 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238368 |
container_title |
Applied Sciences |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
23 |
container_start_page |
8368 |
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1766303049172647936 |