Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins
Abstract Brown spiders are venomous arthropods that use their venom for predation and defense. In humans, bites of these animals provoke injuries including dermonecrosis with gravitational spread of lesions, hematological abnormalities and impaired renal function. The signs and symptoms observed fol...
Published in: | Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:a44f1318d27141eabd7a4db7423d7bf1 2023-05-15T15:12:25+02:00 Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins Daniele Chaves-Moreira Andrea Senff-Ribeiro Ana Carolina Martins Wille Luiza Helena Gremski Olga Meiri Chaim Silvio Sanches Veiga 2017-03-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-017-0097-8 https://doaj.org/article/a44f1318d27141eabd7a4db7423d7bf1 EN eng SciELO http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992017000100201&lng=en&tlng=en https://doaj.org/toc/1678-9199 1678-9199 doi:10.1186/s40409-017-0097-8 https://doaj.org/article/a44f1318d27141eabd7a4db7423d7bf1 Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, Vol 23, Iss 0 (2017) Brown spider Loxosceles Venom Toxins Loxoscelism Phospholipase-D Metalloprotease Insecticidal peptides Serineprotease Hyaluronidase Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Toxicology. Poisons RA1190-1270 Zoology QL1-991 article 2017 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-017-0097-8 2023-01-08T01:27:50Z Abstract Brown spiders are venomous arthropods that use their venom for predation and defense. In humans, bites of these animals provoke injuries including dermonecrosis with gravitational spread of lesions, hematological abnormalities and impaired renal function. The signs and symptoms observed following a brown spider bite are called loxoscelism. Brown spider venom is a complex mixture of toxins enriched in low molecular mass proteins (4–40 kDa). Characterization of the venom confirmed the presence of three highly expressed protein classes: phospholipases D, metalloproteases (astacins) and insecticidal peptides (knottins). Recently, toxins with low levels of expression have also been found in Loxosceles venom, such as serine proteases, protease inhibitors (serpins), hyaluronidases, allergen-like toxins and histamine-releasing factors. The toxin belonging to the phospholipase-D family (also known as the dermonecrotic toxin) is the most studied class of brown spider toxins. This class of toxins single-handedly can induce inflammatory response, dermonecrosis, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. The functional role of the hyaluronidase toxin as a spreading factor in loxoscelism has also been demonstrated. However, the biological characterization of other toxins remains unclear and the mechanism by which Loxosceles toxins exert their noxious effects is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into brown spider venom toxins and toxicology, including a description of historical data already available in the literature. In this review article, the identification processes of novel Loxosceles toxins by molecular biology and proteomic approaches, their biological characterization and structural description based on x-ray crystallography and putative biotechnological uses are described along with the future perspectives in this field. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 23 1 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Brown spider Loxosceles Venom Toxins Loxoscelism Phospholipase-D Metalloprotease Insecticidal peptides Serineprotease Hyaluronidase Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Toxicology. Poisons RA1190-1270 Zoology QL1-991 |
spellingShingle |
Brown spider Loxosceles Venom Toxins Loxoscelism Phospholipase-D Metalloprotease Insecticidal peptides Serineprotease Hyaluronidase Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Toxicology. Poisons RA1190-1270 Zoology QL1-991 Daniele Chaves-Moreira Andrea Senff-Ribeiro Ana Carolina Martins Wille Luiza Helena Gremski Olga Meiri Chaim Silvio Sanches Veiga Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins |
topic_facet |
Brown spider Loxosceles Venom Toxins Loxoscelism Phospholipase-D Metalloprotease Insecticidal peptides Serineprotease Hyaluronidase Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Toxicology. Poisons RA1190-1270 Zoology QL1-991 |
description |
Abstract Brown spiders are venomous arthropods that use their venom for predation and defense. In humans, bites of these animals provoke injuries including dermonecrosis with gravitational spread of lesions, hematological abnormalities and impaired renal function. The signs and symptoms observed following a brown spider bite are called loxoscelism. Brown spider venom is a complex mixture of toxins enriched in low molecular mass proteins (4–40 kDa). Characterization of the venom confirmed the presence of three highly expressed protein classes: phospholipases D, metalloproteases (astacins) and insecticidal peptides (knottins). Recently, toxins with low levels of expression have also been found in Loxosceles venom, such as serine proteases, protease inhibitors (serpins), hyaluronidases, allergen-like toxins and histamine-releasing factors. The toxin belonging to the phospholipase-D family (also known as the dermonecrotic toxin) is the most studied class of brown spider toxins. This class of toxins single-handedly can induce inflammatory response, dermonecrosis, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. The functional role of the hyaluronidase toxin as a spreading factor in loxoscelism has also been demonstrated. However, the biological characterization of other toxins remains unclear and the mechanism by which Loxosceles toxins exert their noxious effects is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into brown spider venom toxins and toxicology, including a description of historical data already available in the literature. In this review article, the identification processes of novel Loxosceles toxins by molecular biology and proteomic approaches, their biological characterization and structural description based on x-ray crystallography and putative biotechnological uses are described along with the future perspectives in this field. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Daniele Chaves-Moreira Andrea Senff-Ribeiro Ana Carolina Martins Wille Luiza Helena Gremski Olga Meiri Chaim Silvio Sanches Veiga |
author_facet |
Daniele Chaves-Moreira Andrea Senff-Ribeiro Ana Carolina Martins Wille Luiza Helena Gremski Olga Meiri Chaim Silvio Sanches Veiga |
author_sort |
Daniele Chaves-Moreira |
title |
Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins |
title_short |
Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins |
title_full |
Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins |
title_fullStr |
Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins |
title_full_unstemmed |
Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins |
title_sort |
highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins |
publisher |
SciELO |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-017-0097-8 https://doaj.org/article/a44f1318d27141eabd7a4db7423d7bf1 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, Vol 23, Iss 0 (2017) |
op_relation |
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992017000100201&lng=en&tlng=en https://doaj.org/toc/1678-9199 1678-9199 doi:10.1186/s40409-017-0097-8 https://doaj.org/article/a44f1318d27141eabd7a4db7423d7bf1 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-017-0097-8 |
container_title |
Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases |
container_volume |
23 |
container_issue |
1 |
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