Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species.
In 1995, one of the largest outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis occurred in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Genetic typing identified a novel Toxoplasma gondii strain linked to the outbreak, in which a wide spectrum of human disease was observed. For this globally-distributed, water-born...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:a2d6d6199c0b4fdeb2503bbf266468cf 2023-05-15T15:16:07+02:00 Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species. Amanda K Gibson Stephen Raverty Dyanna M Lambourn Jessica Huggins Spencer L Magargal Michael E Grigg 2011-05-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001142 https://doaj.org/article/a2d6d6199c0b4fdeb2503bbf266468cf EN eng Public Library of Science (PLoS) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21629726/pdf/?tool=EBI https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001142 https://doaj.org/article/a2d6d6199c0b4fdeb2503bbf266468cf PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 5, Iss 5, p e1142 (2011) Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 article 2011 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001142 2022-12-31T08:02:54Z In 1995, one of the largest outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis occurred in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Genetic typing identified a novel Toxoplasma gondii strain linked to the outbreak, in which a wide spectrum of human disease was observed. For this globally-distributed, water-borne zoonosis, strain type is one variable influencing disease, but the inability of strain type to consistently explain variations in disease severity suggests that parasite genotype alone does not determine the outcome of infection. We investigated polyparasitism (infection with multiple parasite species) as a modulator of disease severity by examining the association of concomitant infection of T. gondii and the related parasite Sarcocystis neurona with protozoal disease in wild marine mammals from the Pacific Northwest. These hosts ostensibly serve as sentinels for the detection of terrestrial parasites implicated in water-borne epidemics of humans and wildlife in this endemic region. Marine mammals (151 stranded and 10 healthy individuals) sampled over 6 years were assessed for protozoal infection using multi-locus PCR-DNA sequencing directly from host tissues. Genetic analyses uncovered a high prevalence and diversity of protozoa, with 147/161 (91%) of our sampled population infected. From 2004 to 2009, the relative frequency of S. neurona infections increased dramatically, surpassing that of T. gondii. The majority of T. gondii infections were by genotypes bearing Type I lineage alleles, though strain genotype was not associated with disease severity. Significantly, polyparasitism with S. neurona and T. gondii was common (42%) and was associated with higher mortality and more severe protozoal encephalitis. Our finding of widespread polyparasitism among marine mammals indicates pervasive contamination of waterways by zoonotic agents. Furthermore, the significant association of concomitant infection with mortality and protozoal encephalitis identifies polyparasitism as an important factor contributing to disease ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Pacific PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5 5 e1142 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
spellingShingle |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Amanda K Gibson Stephen Raverty Dyanna M Lambourn Jessica Huggins Spencer L Magargal Michael E Grigg Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species. |
topic_facet |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
description |
In 1995, one of the largest outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis occurred in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Genetic typing identified a novel Toxoplasma gondii strain linked to the outbreak, in which a wide spectrum of human disease was observed. For this globally-distributed, water-borne zoonosis, strain type is one variable influencing disease, but the inability of strain type to consistently explain variations in disease severity suggests that parasite genotype alone does not determine the outcome of infection. We investigated polyparasitism (infection with multiple parasite species) as a modulator of disease severity by examining the association of concomitant infection of T. gondii and the related parasite Sarcocystis neurona with protozoal disease in wild marine mammals from the Pacific Northwest. These hosts ostensibly serve as sentinels for the detection of terrestrial parasites implicated in water-borne epidemics of humans and wildlife in this endemic region. Marine mammals (151 stranded and 10 healthy individuals) sampled over 6 years were assessed for protozoal infection using multi-locus PCR-DNA sequencing directly from host tissues. Genetic analyses uncovered a high prevalence and diversity of protozoa, with 147/161 (91%) of our sampled population infected. From 2004 to 2009, the relative frequency of S. neurona infections increased dramatically, surpassing that of T. gondii. The majority of T. gondii infections were by genotypes bearing Type I lineage alleles, though strain genotype was not associated with disease severity. Significantly, polyparasitism with S. neurona and T. gondii was common (42%) and was associated with higher mortality and more severe protozoal encephalitis. Our finding of widespread polyparasitism among marine mammals indicates pervasive contamination of waterways by zoonotic agents. Furthermore, the significant association of concomitant infection with mortality and protozoal encephalitis identifies polyparasitism as an important factor contributing to disease ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Amanda K Gibson Stephen Raverty Dyanna M Lambourn Jessica Huggins Spencer L Magargal Michael E Grigg |
author_facet |
Amanda K Gibson Stephen Raverty Dyanna M Lambourn Jessica Huggins Spencer L Magargal Michael E Grigg |
author_sort |
Amanda K Gibson |
title |
Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species. |
title_short |
Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species. |
title_full |
Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species. |
title_fullStr |
Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species. |
title_sort |
polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in toxoplasma gondii-infected marine sentinel species. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
publishDate |
2011 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001142 https://doaj.org/article/a2d6d6199c0b4fdeb2503bbf266468cf |
geographic |
Arctic Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Pacific |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 5, Iss 5, p e1142 (2011) |
op_relation |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21629726/pdf/?tool=EBI https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001142 https://doaj.org/article/a2d6d6199c0b4fdeb2503bbf266468cf |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001142 |
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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
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5 |
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5 |
container_start_page |
e1142 |
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