Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus
Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels projected to occur in the oceans by the end of this century cause a range of behavioural effects in fish, but whether other highly active marine organisms, such as cephalopods, are similarly affected is unknown. We tested the effects of projected future CO2 levels (626 an...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:a0d75cec0e444aaa94f5ae166fc0ce86 2023-05-15T17:50:42+02:00 Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus Blake L. Spady Sue-Ann Watson Tory J. Chase Philip L. Munday 2014-10-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.20149894 https://doaj.org/article/a0d75cec0e444aaa94f5ae166fc0ce86 EN eng The Company of Biologists http://bio.biologists.org/content/3/11/1063 https://doaj.org/toc/2046-6390 2046-6390 doi:10.1242/bio.20149894 https://doaj.org/article/a0d75cec0e444aaa94f5ae166fc0ce86 Biology Open, Vol 3, Iss 11, Pp 1063-1070 (2014) Ocean acidification Cephalopod Anti-predator behaviour Escape Avoidance Startle response Science Q Biology (General) QH301-705.5 article 2014 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.20149894 2022-12-31T06:21:40Z Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels projected to occur in the oceans by the end of this century cause a range of behavioural effects in fish, but whether other highly active marine organisms, such as cephalopods, are similarly affected is unknown. We tested the effects of projected future CO2 levels (626 and 956 µatm) on the behaviour of male two-toned pygmy squid, Idiosepius pygmaeus. Exposure to elevated CO2 increased the number of active individuals by 19–25% and increased movement (number of line-crosses) by nearly 3 times compared to squid at present-day CO2. Squid vigilance and defensive behaviours were also altered by elevated CO2 with >80% of individuals choosing jet escape responses over defensive arm postures in response to a visual startle stimulus, compared with 50% choosing jet escape responses at control CO2. In addition, more escape responses were chosen over threat behaviours in body pattern displays at elevated CO2 and individuals were more than twice as likely to use ink as a defence strategy at 956 µatm CO2, compared with controls. Increased activity could lead to adverse effects on energy budgets as well as increasing visibility to predators. A tendency to respond to a stimulus with escape behaviours could increase survival, but may also be energetically costly and could potentially lead to more chases by predators compared with individuals that use defensive postures. These results demonstrate that projected future ocean acidification affects the behaviours of a tropical squid species. Article in Journal/Newspaper Ocean acidification Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Biology Open 3 11 1063 1070 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Ocean acidification Cephalopod Anti-predator behaviour Escape Avoidance Startle response Science Q Biology (General) QH301-705.5 |
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Ocean acidification Cephalopod Anti-predator behaviour Escape Avoidance Startle response Science Q Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Blake L. Spady Sue-Ann Watson Tory J. Chase Philip L. Munday Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus |
topic_facet |
Ocean acidification Cephalopod Anti-predator behaviour Escape Avoidance Startle response Science Q Biology (General) QH301-705.5 |
description |
Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels projected to occur in the oceans by the end of this century cause a range of behavioural effects in fish, but whether other highly active marine organisms, such as cephalopods, are similarly affected is unknown. We tested the effects of projected future CO2 levels (626 and 956 µatm) on the behaviour of male two-toned pygmy squid, Idiosepius pygmaeus. Exposure to elevated CO2 increased the number of active individuals by 19–25% and increased movement (number of line-crosses) by nearly 3 times compared to squid at present-day CO2. Squid vigilance and defensive behaviours were also altered by elevated CO2 with >80% of individuals choosing jet escape responses over defensive arm postures in response to a visual startle stimulus, compared with 50% choosing jet escape responses at control CO2. In addition, more escape responses were chosen over threat behaviours in body pattern displays at elevated CO2 and individuals were more than twice as likely to use ink as a defence strategy at 956 µatm CO2, compared with controls. Increased activity could lead to adverse effects on energy budgets as well as increasing visibility to predators. A tendency to respond to a stimulus with escape behaviours could increase survival, but may also be energetically costly and could potentially lead to more chases by predators compared with individuals that use defensive postures. These results demonstrate that projected future ocean acidification affects the behaviours of a tropical squid species. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Blake L. Spady Sue-Ann Watson Tory J. Chase Philip L. Munday |
author_facet |
Blake L. Spady Sue-Ann Watson Tory J. Chase Philip L. Munday |
author_sort |
Blake L. Spady |
title |
Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus |
title_short |
Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus |
title_full |
Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus |
title_fullStr |
Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus |
title_full_unstemmed |
Projected near-future CO2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid Idiosepius pygmaeus |
title_sort |
projected near-future co2 levels increase activity and alter defensive behaviours in the tropical squid idiosepius pygmaeus |
publisher |
The Company of Biologists |
publishDate |
2014 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.20149894 https://doaj.org/article/a0d75cec0e444aaa94f5ae166fc0ce86 |
genre |
Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Ocean acidification |
op_source |
Biology Open, Vol 3, Iss 11, Pp 1063-1070 (2014) |
op_relation |
http://bio.biologists.org/content/3/11/1063 https://doaj.org/toc/2046-6390 2046-6390 doi:10.1242/bio.20149894 https://doaj.org/article/a0d75cec0e444aaa94f5ae166fc0ce86 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.20149894 |
container_title |
Biology Open |
container_volume |
3 |
container_issue |
11 |
container_start_page |
1063 |
op_container_end_page |
1070 |
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1766157579730288640 |