Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice
ABSTRACT Arctic regions, which are changing rapidly as they warm 2 to 3 times faster than the global average, still retain microbial habitats that serve as natural laboratories for understanding mechanisms of microbial adaptation to extreme conditions. Seawater-derived brines within both sea ice (se...
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American Society for Microbiology
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:9d37cf666bdd4ac4aac9aa1544dfaf41 2023-05-15T14:56:51+02:00 Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice Zhi-Ping Zhong Josephine Z. Rapp James M. Wainaina Natalie E. Solonenko Heather Maughan Shelly D. Carpenter Zachary S. Cooper Ho Bin Jang Benjamin Bolduc Jody W. Deming Matthew B. Sullivan 2020-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00246-20 https://doaj.org/article/9d37cf666bdd4ac4aac9aa1544dfaf41 EN eng American Society for Microbiology https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00246-20 https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5077 doi:10.1128/mSystems.00246-20 2379-5077 https://doaj.org/article/9d37cf666bdd4ac4aac9aa1544dfaf41 mSystems, Vol 5, Iss 3 (2020) viral communities extreme environments virus-host interaction cold and salt adaption horizontal gene transfer Microbiology QR1-502 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00246-20 2022-12-31T13:54:27Z ABSTRACT Arctic regions, which are changing rapidly as they warm 2 to 3 times faster than the global average, still retain microbial habitats that serve as natural laboratories for understanding mechanisms of microbial adaptation to extreme conditions. Seawater-derived brines within both sea ice (sea-ice brine) and ancient layers of permafrost (cryopeg brine) support diverse microbes adapted to subzero temperatures and high salinities, yet little is known about viruses in these extreme environments, which, if analogous to other systems, could play important evolutionary and ecosystem roles. Here, we characterized viral communities and their functions in samples of cryopeg brine, sea-ice brine, and melted sea ice. Viral abundance was high in cryopeg brine (1.2 × 108 ml−1) and much lower in sea-ice brine (1.3 × 105 to 2.1 × 105 ml−1), which roughly paralleled the differences in cell concentrations in these samples. Five low-input, quantitative viral metagenomes were sequenced to yield 476 viral populations (i.e., species level; ≥10 kb), only 12% of which could be assigned taxonomy by traditional database approaches, indicating a high degree of novelty. Additional analyses revealed that these viruses: (i) formed communities that differed between sample type and vertically with sea-ice depth; (ii) infected hosts that dominated these extreme ecosystems, including Marinobacter, Glaciecola, and Colwellia; and (iii) encoded fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes that likely helped their hosts overcome cold and salt stress during infection, as well as mediated horizontal gene transfer of FAD genes between microbes. Together, these findings contribute to understanding viral abundances and communities and how viruses impact their microbial hosts in subzero brines and sea ice. IMPORTANCE This study explores viral community structure and function in remote and extreme Arctic environments, including subzero brines within marine layers of permafrost and sea ice, using a modern viral ecogenomics toolkit for the first time. In ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Ice permafrost Sea ice Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic mSystems 5 3 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
viral communities extreme environments virus-host interaction cold and salt adaption horizontal gene transfer Microbiology QR1-502 |
spellingShingle |
viral communities extreme environments virus-host interaction cold and salt adaption horizontal gene transfer Microbiology QR1-502 Zhi-Ping Zhong Josephine Z. Rapp James M. Wainaina Natalie E. Solonenko Heather Maughan Shelly D. Carpenter Zachary S. Cooper Ho Bin Jang Benjamin Bolduc Jody W. Deming Matthew B. Sullivan Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice |
topic_facet |
viral communities extreme environments virus-host interaction cold and salt adaption horizontal gene transfer Microbiology QR1-502 |
description |
ABSTRACT Arctic regions, which are changing rapidly as they warm 2 to 3 times faster than the global average, still retain microbial habitats that serve as natural laboratories for understanding mechanisms of microbial adaptation to extreme conditions. Seawater-derived brines within both sea ice (sea-ice brine) and ancient layers of permafrost (cryopeg brine) support diverse microbes adapted to subzero temperatures and high salinities, yet little is known about viruses in these extreme environments, which, if analogous to other systems, could play important evolutionary and ecosystem roles. Here, we characterized viral communities and their functions in samples of cryopeg brine, sea-ice brine, and melted sea ice. Viral abundance was high in cryopeg brine (1.2 × 108 ml−1) and much lower in sea-ice brine (1.3 × 105 to 2.1 × 105 ml−1), which roughly paralleled the differences in cell concentrations in these samples. Five low-input, quantitative viral metagenomes were sequenced to yield 476 viral populations (i.e., species level; ≥10 kb), only 12% of which could be assigned taxonomy by traditional database approaches, indicating a high degree of novelty. Additional analyses revealed that these viruses: (i) formed communities that differed between sample type and vertically with sea-ice depth; (ii) infected hosts that dominated these extreme ecosystems, including Marinobacter, Glaciecola, and Colwellia; and (iii) encoded fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes that likely helped their hosts overcome cold and salt stress during infection, as well as mediated horizontal gene transfer of FAD genes between microbes. Together, these findings contribute to understanding viral abundances and communities and how viruses impact their microbial hosts in subzero brines and sea ice. IMPORTANCE This study explores viral community structure and function in remote and extreme Arctic environments, including subzero brines within marine layers of permafrost and sea ice, using a modern viral ecogenomics toolkit for the first time. In ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Zhi-Ping Zhong Josephine Z. Rapp James M. Wainaina Natalie E. Solonenko Heather Maughan Shelly D. Carpenter Zachary S. Cooper Ho Bin Jang Benjamin Bolduc Jody W. Deming Matthew B. Sullivan |
author_facet |
Zhi-Ping Zhong Josephine Z. Rapp James M. Wainaina Natalie E. Solonenko Heather Maughan Shelly D. Carpenter Zachary S. Cooper Ho Bin Jang Benjamin Bolduc Jody W. Deming Matthew B. Sullivan |
author_sort |
Zhi-Ping Zhong |
title |
Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice |
title_short |
Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice |
title_full |
Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice |
title_fullStr |
Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice |
title_full_unstemmed |
Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice |
title_sort |
viral ecogenomics of arctic cryopeg brine and sea ice |
publisher |
American Society for Microbiology |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00246-20 https://doaj.org/article/9d37cf666bdd4ac4aac9aa1544dfaf41 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Ice permafrost Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Ice permafrost Sea ice |
op_source |
mSystems, Vol 5, Iss 3 (2020) |
op_relation |
https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00246-20 https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5077 doi:10.1128/mSystems.00246-20 2379-5077 https://doaj.org/article/9d37cf666bdd4ac4aac9aa1544dfaf41 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00246-20 |
container_title |
mSystems |
container_volume |
5 |
container_issue |
3 |
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1766328919057760256 |