Climate change impacts on sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using Earth observation
We applied coincident Earth observation data collected during 2008 and 2009 from multiple sensors (RA2, AATSR and MERIS, mounted on the European Space Agency satellite Envisat) to characterise environmental conditions and integrated sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas (Greenland, Barents, Ka...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:9bd197cae8a94327a94b24fe12364e79 2023-05-15T15:04:55+02:00 Climate change impacts on sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using Earth observation P. E. Land J. D. Shutler R. D. Cowling D. K. Woolf P. Walker H. S. Findlay R. C. Upstill-Goddard C. J. Donlon 2013-12-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8109-2013 https://doaj.org/article/9bd197cae8a94327a94b24fe12364e79 EN eng Copernicus Publications http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/8109/2013/bg-10-8109-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1726-4170 https://doaj.org/toc/1726-4189 1726-4170 1726-4189 doi:10.5194/bg-10-8109-2013 https://doaj.org/article/9bd197cae8a94327a94b24fe12364e79 Biogeosciences, Vol 10, Iss 12, Pp 8109-8128 (2013) Ecology QH540-549.5 Life QH501-531 Geology QE1-996.5 article 2013 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8109-2013 2022-12-31T14:31:04Z We applied coincident Earth observation data collected during 2008 and 2009 from multiple sensors (RA2, AATSR and MERIS, mounted on the European Space Agency satellite Envisat) to characterise environmental conditions and integrated sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas (Greenland, Barents, Kara). We assessed net CO 2 sink sensitivity due to changes in temperature, salinity and sea ice duration arising from future climate scenarios. During the study period the Greenland and Barents seas were net sinks for atmospheric CO 2 , with integrated sea–air fluxes of −36 ± 14 and −11 ± 5 Tg C yr −1 , respectively, and the Kara Sea was a weak net CO 2 source with an integrated sea–air flux of +2.2 ± 1.4 Tg C yr −1 . The combined integrated CO 2 sea–air flux from all three was −45 ± 18 Tg C yr −1 . In a sensitivity analysis we varied temperature, salinity and sea ice duration. Variations in temperature and salinity led to modification of the transfer velocity, solubility and partial pressure of CO 2 taking into account the resultant variations in alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Our results showed that warming had a strong positive effect on the annual integrated sea–air flux of CO 2 (i.e. reducing the sink), freshening had a strong negative effect and reduced sea ice duration had a small but measurable positive effect. In the climate change scenario examined, the effects of warming in just over a decade of climate change up to 2020 outweighed the combined effects of freshening and reduced sea ice duration. Collectively these effects gave an integrated sea–air flux change of +4.0 Tg C in the Greenland Sea, +6.0 Tg C in the Barents Sea and +1.7 Tg C in the Kara Sea, reducing the Greenland and Barents sinks by 11% and 53%, respectively, and increasing the weak Kara Sea source by 81%. Overall, the regional integrated flux changed by +11.7 Tg C, which is a 26% reduction in the regional sink. In terms of CO 2 sink strength, we conclude that the Barents Sea is the most susceptible of the three regions to the ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Barents Sea Climate change Greenland Greenland Sea Kara Sea Sea ice Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Barents Sea Greenland Kara Sea Biogeosciences 10 12 8109 8128 |
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English |
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Ecology QH540-549.5 Life QH501-531 Geology QE1-996.5 |
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Ecology QH540-549.5 Life QH501-531 Geology QE1-996.5 P. E. Land J. D. Shutler R. D. Cowling D. K. Woolf P. Walker H. S. Findlay R. C. Upstill-Goddard C. J. Donlon Climate change impacts on sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using Earth observation |
topic_facet |
Ecology QH540-549.5 Life QH501-531 Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
We applied coincident Earth observation data collected during 2008 and 2009 from multiple sensors (RA2, AATSR and MERIS, mounted on the European Space Agency satellite Envisat) to characterise environmental conditions and integrated sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas (Greenland, Barents, Kara). We assessed net CO 2 sink sensitivity due to changes in temperature, salinity and sea ice duration arising from future climate scenarios. During the study period the Greenland and Barents seas were net sinks for atmospheric CO 2 , with integrated sea–air fluxes of −36 ± 14 and −11 ± 5 Tg C yr −1 , respectively, and the Kara Sea was a weak net CO 2 source with an integrated sea–air flux of +2.2 ± 1.4 Tg C yr −1 . The combined integrated CO 2 sea–air flux from all three was −45 ± 18 Tg C yr −1 . In a sensitivity analysis we varied temperature, salinity and sea ice duration. Variations in temperature and salinity led to modification of the transfer velocity, solubility and partial pressure of CO 2 taking into account the resultant variations in alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Our results showed that warming had a strong positive effect on the annual integrated sea–air flux of CO 2 (i.e. reducing the sink), freshening had a strong negative effect and reduced sea ice duration had a small but measurable positive effect. In the climate change scenario examined, the effects of warming in just over a decade of climate change up to 2020 outweighed the combined effects of freshening and reduced sea ice duration. Collectively these effects gave an integrated sea–air flux change of +4.0 Tg C in the Greenland Sea, +6.0 Tg C in the Barents Sea and +1.7 Tg C in the Kara Sea, reducing the Greenland and Barents sinks by 11% and 53%, respectively, and increasing the weak Kara Sea source by 81%. Overall, the regional integrated flux changed by +11.7 Tg C, which is a 26% reduction in the regional sink. In terms of CO 2 sink strength, we conclude that the Barents Sea is the most susceptible of the three regions to the ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
P. E. Land J. D. Shutler R. D. Cowling D. K. Woolf P. Walker H. S. Findlay R. C. Upstill-Goddard C. J. Donlon |
author_facet |
P. E. Land J. D. Shutler R. D. Cowling D. K. Woolf P. Walker H. S. Findlay R. C. Upstill-Goddard C. J. Donlon |
author_sort |
P. E. Land |
title |
Climate change impacts on sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using Earth observation |
title_short |
Climate change impacts on sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using Earth observation |
title_full |
Climate change impacts on sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using Earth observation |
title_fullStr |
Climate change impacts on sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using Earth observation |
title_full_unstemmed |
Climate change impacts on sea–air fluxes of CO 2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using Earth observation |
title_sort |
climate change impacts on sea–air fluxes of co 2 in three arctic seas: a sensitivity study using earth observation |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8109-2013 https://doaj.org/article/9bd197cae8a94327a94b24fe12364e79 |
geographic |
Arctic Barents Sea Greenland Kara Sea |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Barents Sea Greenland Kara Sea |
genre |
Arctic Barents Sea Climate change Greenland Greenland Sea Kara Sea Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Barents Sea Climate change Greenland Greenland Sea Kara Sea Sea ice |
op_source |
Biogeosciences, Vol 10, Iss 12, Pp 8109-8128 (2013) |
op_relation |
http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/8109/2013/bg-10-8109-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1726-4170 https://doaj.org/toc/1726-4189 1726-4170 1726-4189 doi:10.5194/bg-10-8109-2013 https://doaj.org/article/9bd197cae8a94327a94b24fe12364e79 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8109-2013 |
container_title |
Biogeosciences |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
12 |
container_start_page |
8109 |
op_container_end_page |
8128 |
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1766336676906401792 |