Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Pattern of a Deep Circulation Groundwater Flow System
Characterization of a deep circulation groundwater flow system is a big challenge, because the flow field and aqueous chemistry of deep circulation groundwater is significantly influenced by the geothermal reservoir. In this field study, we employed a geochemical approach to recognize a deep circula...
Published in: | Energies |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2019
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030404 https://doaj.org/article/9bc3e092dce1453389bd34f9939d6bf7 |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:9bc3e092dce1453389bd34f9939d6bf7 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:9bc3e092dce1453389bd34f9939d6bf7 2023-05-15T15:52:59+02:00 Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Pattern of a Deep Circulation Groundwater Flow System Xiting Long Keneng Zhang Ruiqiang Yuan Liang Zhang Zhenling Liu 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030404 https://doaj.org/article/9bc3e092dce1453389bd34f9939d6bf7 EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/404 https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 1996-1073 doi:10.3390/en12030404 https://doaj.org/article/9bc3e092dce1453389bd34f9939d6bf7 Energies, Vol 12, Iss 3, p 404 (2019) deep circulation groundwater groundwater flow geothermal water faults isotopes Technology T article 2019 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030404 2022-12-30T20:27:07Z Characterization of a deep circulation groundwater flow system is a big challenge, because the flow field and aqueous chemistry of deep circulation groundwater is significantly influenced by the geothermal reservoir. In this field study, we employed a geochemical approach to recognize a deep circulation groundwater pattern by combined the geochemistry analysis with isotopic measurements. The water samples were collected from the outlet of the Reshui River Basin which has a hot spring with a temperature of 88 °C. Experimental results reveal a fault-controlled deep circulation geothermal groundwater flow system. The weathering crust of the granitic mountains on the south of the basin collects precipitation infiltration, which is the recharge area of the deep circulation groundwater system. Water infiltrates from the land surface to a depth of about 3.8–4.3 km where the groundwater is heated up to around 170 °C in the geothermal reservoir. A regional active normal fault acts as a pathway of groundwater. The geothermal groundwater is then obstructed by a thrust fault and recharged by the hot spring, which is forced by the water pressure of convection derived from the 800 m altitude difference between the recharge and the discharge areas. Some part of groundwater flow within a geothermal reservoir is mixed with cold shallow groundwater. The isotopic fraction is positively correlated with the seasonal water table depth of shallow groundwater. Basic mineral dissolutions at thermoneutral conditions, hydrolysis with the aid of carbonic acid produced by the reaction of carbon dioxide with the water, and hydrothermal alteration in the geothermal reservoir add some extra chemical components into the geothermal water. The alkaline deep circulation groundwater is chemically featured by high contents of sodium, sulfate, chloride, fluorine, silicate, and some trace elements, such as lithium, strontium, cesium, and rubidium. Our results suggest that groundwater deep circulation convection exists in mountain regions where ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Carbonic acid Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Energies 12 3 404 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
deep circulation groundwater groundwater flow geothermal water faults isotopes Technology T |
spellingShingle |
deep circulation groundwater groundwater flow geothermal water faults isotopes Technology T Xiting Long Keneng Zhang Ruiqiang Yuan Liang Zhang Zhenling Liu Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Pattern of a Deep Circulation Groundwater Flow System |
topic_facet |
deep circulation groundwater groundwater flow geothermal water faults isotopes Technology T |
description |
Characterization of a deep circulation groundwater flow system is a big challenge, because the flow field and aqueous chemistry of deep circulation groundwater is significantly influenced by the geothermal reservoir. In this field study, we employed a geochemical approach to recognize a deep circulation groundwater pattern by combined the geochemistry analysis with isotopic measurements. The water samples were collected from the outlet of the Reshui River Basin which has a hot spring with a temperature of 88 °C. Experimental results reveal a fault-controlled deep circulation geothermal groundwater flow system. The weathering crust of the granitic mountains on the south of the basin collects precipitation infiltration, which is the recharge area of the deep circulation groundwater system. Water infiltrates from the land surface to a depth of about 3.8–4.3 km where the groundwater is heated up to around 170 °C in the geothermal reservoir. A regional active normal fault acts as a pathway of groundwater. The geothermal groundwater is then obstructed by a thrust fault and recharged by the hot spring, which is forced by the water pressure of convection derived from the 800 m altitude difference between the recharge and the discharge areas. Some part of groundwater flow within a geothermal reservoir is mixed with cold shallow groundwater. The isotopic fraction is positively correlated with the seasonal water table depth of shallow groundwater. Basic mineral dissolutions at thermoneutral conditions, hydrolysis with the aid of carbonic acid produced by the reaction of carbon dioxide with the water, and hydrothermal alteration in the geothermal reservoir add some extra chemical components into the geothermal water. The alkaline deep circulation groundwater is chemically featured by high contents of sodium, sulfate, chloride, fluorine, silicate, and some trace elements, such as lithium, strontium, cesium, and rubidium. Our results suggest that groundwater deep circulation convection exists in mountain regions where ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Xiting Long Keneng Zhang Ruiqiang Yuan Liang Zhang Zhenling Liu |
author_facet |
Xiting Long Keneng Zhang Ruiqiang Yuan Liang Zhang Zhenling Liu |
author_sort |
Xiting Long |
title |
Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Pattern of a Deep Circulation Groundwater Flow System |
title_short |
Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Pattern of a Deep Circulation Groundwater Flow System |
title_full |
Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Pattern of a Deep Circulation Groundwater Flow System |
title_fullStr |
Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Pattern of a Deep Circulation Groundwater Flow System |
title_full_unstemmed |
Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Pattern of a Deep Circulation Groundwater Flow System |
title_sort |
hydrogeochemical and isotopic constraints on the pattern of a deep circulation groundwater flow system |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030404 https://doaj.org/article/9bc3e092dce1453389bd34f9939d6bf7 |
genre |
Carbonic acid |
genre_facet |
Carbonic acid |
op_source |
Energies, Vol 12, Iss 3, p 404 (2019) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/404 https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 1996-1073 doi:10.3390/en12030404 https://doaj.org/article/9bc3e092dce1453389bd34f9939d6bf7 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030404 |
container_title |
Energies |
container_volume |
12 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
404 |
_version_ |
1766388054684073984 |