Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate
The Mongolian Plateau is characterized by cold and arid winters with very little precipitation (snowfall), strong solar insolation, and dry air, but little is known about the thermal regimes of the ice and ice-covered lakes and their response to the distinct weather and climate in this region. In a...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:996cff125bcf417ba529158d8642273d 2023-05-15T18:32:27+02:00 Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate W. Huang W. Zhao C. Zhang M. Leppäranta Z. Li R. Li Z. Lin 2022-05-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022 https://doaj.org/article/996cff125bcf417ba529158d8642273d EN eng Copernicus Publications https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/1793/2022/tc-16-1793-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/996cff125bcf417ba529158d8642273d The Cryosphere, Vol 16, Pp 1793-1806 (2022) Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022 2022-12-31T02:29:45Z The Mongolian Plateau is characterized by cold and arid winters with very little precipitation (snowfall), strong solar insolation, and dry air, but little is known about the thermal regimes of the ice and ice-covered lakes and their response to the distinct weather and climate in this region. In a typical large, shallow lake, ice and snow processes (cover) and under-ice thermodynamics were monitored for four winters in 2015–2019. Heat transfer at the ice–water interface and lake heat budget were investigated. The results revealed that persistent bare ice of 35–50 cm thickness transmits 20 %–35 % of the incident solar radiation into the water below. This is a dominant source for under-ice energy flows and causes/maintains high water temperature (up to 6–8 ∘ C) and high heat flux from water to ice (averages of 20–45 W m −2 ) in mid-winter, as well as higher heat conduction in the ice interior during freezing. The heat balance shows that the transmitted radiation and the heat flux from water to ice are the dominant and highly correlated heat flows in the lake. Both bulk water temperature and temperature structure are sensitive to solar transmittance and occasional snow events. Under-ice convective mixing does not necessarily occur because of stratification of salinity in the water body. In particular, salt exclusion during freezing changes both the bulk salinity and the salinity profile, which plays a major role in the stability and mixing of the water column in this shallow lake. Article in Journal/Newspaper The Cryosphere Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles The Cryosphere 16 5 1793 1806 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
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Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 W. Huang W. Zhao C. Zhang M. Leppäranta Z. Li R. Li Z. Lin Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate |
topic_facet |
Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 |
description |
The Mongolian Plateau is characterized by cold and arid winters with very little precipitation (snowfall), strong solar insolation, and dry air, but little is known about the thermal regimes of the ice and ice-covered lakes and their response to the distinct weather and climate in this region. In a typical large, shallow lake, ice and snow processes (cover) and under-ice thermodynamics were monitored for four winters in 2015–2019. Heat transfer at the ice–water interface and lake heat budget were investigated. The results revealed that persistent bare ice of 35–50 cm thickness transmits 20 %–35 % of the incident solar radiation into the water below. This is a dominant source for under-ice energy flows and causes/maintains high water temperature (up to 6–8 ∘ C) and high heat flux from water to ice (averages of 20–45 W m −2 ) in mid-winter, as well as higher heat conduction in the ice interior during freezing. The heat balance shows that the transmitted radiation and the heat flux from water to ice are the dominant and highly correlated heat flows in the lake. Both bulk water temperature and temperature structure are sensitive to solar transmittance and occasional snow events. Under-ice convective mixing does not necessarily occur because of stratification of salinity in the water body. In particular, salt exclusion during freezing changes both the bulk salinity and the salinity profile, which plays a major role in the stability and mixing of the water column in this shallow lake. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
W. Huang W. Zhao C. Zhang M. Leppäranta Z. Li R. Li Z. Lin |
author_facet |
W. Huang W. Zhao C. Zhang M. Leppäranta Z. Li R. Li Z. Lin |
author_sort |
W. Huang |
title |
Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate |
title_short |
Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate |
title_full |
Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate |
title_fullStr |
Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate |
title_full_unstemmed |
Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate |
title_sort |
sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022 https://doaj.org/article/996cff125bcf417ba529158d8642273d |
genre |
The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 16, Pp 1793-1806 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/1793/2022/tc-16-1793-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416 https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://doaj.org/article/996cff125bcf417ba529158d8642273d |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
1793 |
op_container_end_page |
1806 |
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1766216559726952448 |