An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the...
Published in: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 https://doaj.org/article/9699c9088e174f4182f5934b483081a0 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:9699c9088e174f4182f5934b483081a0 2023-05-15T14:55:22+02:00 An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) Carlos Garcia-Soto Lijing Cheng Levke Caesar S. Schmidtko Elizabeth B. Jewett Alicia Cheripka Ignatius Rigor Ainhoa Caballero Sanae Chiba Jose Carlos Báez Tymon Zielinski John Patrick Abraham 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 https://doaj.org/article/9699c9088e174f4182f5934b483081a0 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 https://doaj.org/article/9699c9088e174f4182f5934b483081a0 Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021) ocean climate change indicators sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 2022-12-31T12:17:26Z Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The globally averaged ocean surface temperature shows a mean warming trend of 0.062 ± 0.013°C per decade over the last 120 years (1900–2019). During the last decade (2010–2019) the rate of ocean surface warming has accelerated to 0.280 ± 0.068°C per decade, 4.5 times higher than the long term mean. Ocean Heat Content in the upper 2,000 m shows a linear warming rate of 0.35 ± 0.08 Wm–2 in the period 1955–2019 (65 years). The warming rate during the last decade (2010–2019) is twice (0.70 ± 0.07 Wm–2) the warming rate of the long term record. Each of the last six decades have been warmer than the previous one. Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 pH units (from 8.2 to 8.1) since the industrial revolution (1770). By the end of this century (2100) ocean pH is projected to decline additionally by 0.1–0.4 pH units depending on the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) and SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) future scenario. The time of emergence of the pH climate change signal varies from 8 to 15 years for open ocean sites, and 16–41 years for coastal sites. Global dissolved oxygen levels have decreased by 4.8 petamoles or 2% in the last 5 decades, with profound impacts on local and basin scale habitats. Regional trends are varying due to multiple processes impacting dissolved oxygen: solubility change, respiration changes, ocean circulation changes and multidecadal variability. Arctic sea ice extent has been declining by −13.1% per decade in summer (September) and by −2.6% per decade in winter (March) during the last 4 decades (1979–2020). The combined trends of sea ice extent and sea ice thickness indicate that the ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Climate change Sea ice Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Frontiers in Marine Science 8 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
ocean climate change indicators sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
spellingShingle |
ocean climate change indicators sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Carlos Garcia-Soto Lijing Cheng Levke Caesar S. Schmidtko Elizabeth B. Jewett Alicia Cheripka Ignatius Rigor Ainhoa Caballero Sanae Chiba Jose Carlos Báez Tymon Zielinski John Patrick Abraham An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
topic_facet |
ocean climate change indicators sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
description |
Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The globally averaged ocean surface temperature shows a mean warming trend of 0.062 ± 0.013°C per decade over the last 120 years (1900–2019). During the last decade (2010–2019) the rate of ocean surface warming has accelerated to 0.280 ± 0.068°C per decade, 4.5 times higher than the long term mean. Ocean Heat Content in the upper 2,000 m shows a linear warming rate of 0.35 ± 0.08 Wm–2 in the period 1955–2019 (65 years). The warming rate during the last decade (2010–2019) is twice (0.70 ± 0.07 Wm–2) the warming rate of the long term record. Each of the last six decades have been warmer than the previous one. Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 pH units (from 8.2 to 8.1) since the industrial revolution (1770). By the end of this century (2100) ocean pH is projected to decline additionally by 0.1–0.4 pH units depending on the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) and SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) future scenario. The time of emergence of the pH climate change signal varies from 8 to 15 years for open ocean sites, and 16–41 years for coastal sites. Global dissolved oxygen levels have decreased by 4.8 petamoles or 2% in the last 5 decades, with profound impacts on local and basin scale habitats. Regional trends are varying due to multiple processes impacting dissolved oxygen: solubility change, respiration changes, ocean circulation changes and multidecadal variability. Arctic sea ice extent has been declining by −13.1% per decade in summer (September) and by −2.6% per decade in winter (March) during the last 4 decades (1979–2020). The combined trends of sea ice extent and sea ice thickness indicate that the ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Carlos Garcia-Soto Lijing Cheng Levke Caesar S. Schmidtko Elizabeth B. Jewett Alicia Cheripka Ignatius Rigor Ainhoa Caballero Sanae Chiba Jose Carlos Báez Tymon Zielinski John Patrick Abraham |
author_facet |
Carlos Garcia-Soto Lijing Cheng Levke Caesar S. Schmidtko Elizabeth B. Jewett Alicia Cheripka Ignatius Rigor Ainhoa Caballero Sanae Chiba Jose Carlos Báez Tymon Zielinski John Patrick Abraham |
author_sort |
Carlos Garcia-Soto |
title |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_short |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_full |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_fullStr |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_full_unstemmed |
An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) |
title_sort |
overview of ocean climate change indicators: sea surface temperature, ocean heat content, ocean ph, dissolved oxygen concentration, arctic sea ice extent, thickness and volume, sea level and strength of the amoc (atlantic meridional overturning circulation) |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 https://doaj.org/article/9699c9088e174f4182f5934b483081a0 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Climate change Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Climate change Sea ice |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 https://doaj.org/article/9699c9088e174f4182f5934b483081a0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
8 |
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1766327172090298368 |