Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States

• Published in: Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
• Main Authors: Heesoo Joo, Brian A. Maskery, Louise K. Francois Watkins, Joohyun Park, Kristina M. Angelo, Eric S. Halsey
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2025
• Subjects: Typhoid fever; Typhoid vaccination; Vaccination costs; Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine; RC955-962; Infectious and parasitic diseases; RC109-216; Arctic
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102798; https://doaj.org/article/95e767bcbd144159a71bf5c3659686e5

In the United States, typhoid vaccination is recommended for international travelers to areas with a recognized risk of typhoid exposure. Using MarketScan® Commercial Database from 2016 through 2022, we estimated typhoid vaccination costs by route (injectable vs. oral) and provider setting (clinic vs. pharmacy). Of 165,930 vaccinated individuals, 99,471 received injectable and 66,459 received oral typhoid vaccines, with 88 % and 17 % respectively administered at clinics. Average costs for injectable vaccination were $132.91 per person [95 % confidence interval (CI): $132.68–$133.13], with clinic and pharmacy costs at $136.38 [95 % CI: $136.14–$136.63] and $107.45 [95 % CI: $107.13–$107.77], respectively. Oral vaccination costs averaged $81.23 per person [95 % CI: $81.14–$81.33], encompassing $86.61 [95 % CI: $86.13–$87.10] at clinics and $80.14 [95 % CI: $80.09–$80.19] at pharmacies. Out-of-pocket costs comprised 21 % and 33 % of total costs for injectable and oral vaccinations. These findings may inform clinical decision-making to protect international travelers’ health.