On the turbulent heat fluxes: A comparison among satellite-based estimates, atmospheric reanalyses, and in-situ observations during the winter climate over Arctic sea ice
The surface energy budget is crucial for Arctic sea ice mass balance calculation and climate systems, among which turbulent heat fluxes significantly affect the air–sea exchanges of heat and moisture in the atmospheric boundary layer. Satellite observations (e.g. CERES and APP-X) and atmospheric rea...
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2023
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.04.004 https://doaj.org/article/95db13ce6f674e00be75306529f43db6 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:95db13ce6f674e00be75306529f43db6 2023-08-20T04:03:58+02:00 On the turbulent heat fluxes: A comparison among satellite-based estimates, atmospheric reanalyses, and in-situ observations during the winter climate over Arctic sea ice Zhi-Lun Zhang Feng-Ming Hui Timo Vihma Mats A. Granskog Bin Cheng Zhuo-Qi Chen Xiao Cheng 2023-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.04.004 https://doaj.org/article/95db13ce6f674e00be75306529f43db6 EN eng KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167492782300045X https://doaj.org/toc/1674-9278 1674-9278 doi:10.1016/j.accre.2023.04.004 https://doaj.org/article/95db13ce6f674e00be75306529f43db6 Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol 14, Iss 3, Pp 347-362 (2023) Arctic sea ice Surface energy budget Turbulent heat flux Satellite observation Reanalysis Bulk-aerodynamic formula Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Social sciences (General) H1-99 article 2023 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.04.004 2023-07-30T00:34:03Z The surface energy budget is crucial for Arctic sea ice mass balance calculation and climate systems, among which turbulent heat fluxes significantly affect the air–sea exchanges of heat and moisture in the atmospheric boundary layer. Satellite observations (e.g. CERES and APP-X) and atmospheric reanalyses (e.g., ERA5) are often used to represent components of the energy budget at regional and pan-Arctic scales. However, the uncertainties of the satellite-based turbulent heat fluxes are largely unknown, and cross-comparisons with reanalysis data and in-situ observations are limited. In this study, satellite-based turbulent heat fluxes were assessed against in-situ observations from the N-ICE2015 drifting ice station (north of Svalbard, January–June 2015) and ERA5 reanalysis. The turbulent heat fluxes were calculated by two approaches using the satellite-based ice surface temperature and radiative fluxes, surface atmospheric parameters from ERA5, and snow/sea ice thickness from the pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS). We found that the bulk-aerodynamic formula based results could better capture the variations of turbulent heat fluxes, while the maximum entropy production based estimates are comparable with ERA5 in terms of root-mean-square error (RMSE). CERES-based estimates outperform the APP-X-based ones but ERA5 performs the best in all seasons (RMSE of 18 and 7 W m−2 for sensible and latent heat flux, respectively). The air–ice temperature/humidity differences and the surface radiation budget were found the primary driving factors in the bulk-formula method and maximum entropy production (MEP) method, respectively. Furthermore, errors in the surface and near-surface temperature and humidity explain almost 50% of the uncertainties in the estimates based on the bulk-formula, whereas errors in the net radiative fluxes explain more than 50% of the uncertainties in the MEP-based results. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Sea ice Svalbard Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Svalbard Advances in Climate Change Research 14 3 347 362 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic sea ice Surface energy budget Turbulent heat flux Satellite observation Reanalysis Bulk-aerodynamic formula Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Social sciences (General) H1-99 |
spellingShingle |
Arctic sea ice Surface energy budget Turbulent heat flux Satellite observation Reanalysis Bulk-aerodynamic formula Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Social sciences (General) H1-99 Zhi-Lun Zhang Feng-Ming Hui Timo Vihma Mats A. Granskog Bin Cheng Zhuo-Qi Chen Xiao Cheng On the turbulent heat fluxes: A comparison among satellite-based estimates, atmospheric reanalyses, and in-situ observations during the winter climate over Arctic sea ice |
topic_facet |
Arctic sea ice Surface energy budget Turbulent heat flux Satellite observation Reanalysis Bulk-aerodynamic formula Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Social sciences (General) H1-99 |
description |
The surface energy budget is crucial for Arctic sea ice mass balance calculation and climate systems, among which turbulent heat fluxes significantly affect the air–sea exchanges of heat and moisture in the atmospheric boundary layer. Satellite observations (e.g. CERES and APP-X) and atmospheric reanalyses (e.g., ERA5) are often used to represent components of the energy budget at regional and pan-Arctic scales. However, the uncertainties of the satellite-based turbulent heat fluxes are largely unknown, and cross-comparisons with reanalysis data and in-situ observations are limited. In this study, satellite-based turbulent heat fluxes were assessed against in-situ observations from the N-ICE2015 drifting ice station (north of Svalbard, January–June 2015) and ERA5 reanalysis. The turbulent heat fluxes were calculated by two approaches using the satellite-based ice surface temperature and radiative fluxes, surface atmospheric parameters from ERA5, and snow/sea ice thickness from the pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS). We found that the bulk-aerodynamic formula based results could better capture the variations of turbulent heat fluxes, while the maximum entropy production based estimates are comparable with ERA5 in terms of root-mean-square error (RMSE). CERES-based estimates outperform the APP-X-based ones but ERA5 performs the best in all seasons (RMSE of 18 and 7 W m−2 for sensible and latent heat flux, respectively). The air–ice temperature/humidity differences and the surface radiation budget were found the primary driving factors in the bulk-formula method and maximum entropy production (MEP) method, respectively. Furthermore, errors in the surface and near-surface temperature and humidity explain almost 50% of the uncertainties in the estimates based on the bulk-formula, whereas errors in the net radiative fluxes explain more than 50% of the uncertainties in the MEP-based results. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Zhi-Lun Zhang Feng-Ming Hui Timo Vihma Mats A. Granskog Bin Cheng Zhuo-Qi Chen Xiao Cheng |
author_facet |
Zhi-Lun Zhang Feng-Ming Hui Timo Vihma Mats A. Granskog Bin Cheng Zhuo-Qi Chen Xiao Cheng |
author_sort |
Zhi-Lun Zhang |
title |
On the turbulent heat fluxes: A comparison among satellite-based estimates, atmospheric reanalyses, and in-situ observations during the winter climate over Arctic sea ice |
title_short |
On the turbulent heat fluxes: A comparison among satellite-based estimates, atmospheric reanalyses, and in-situ observations during the winter climate over Arctic sea ice |
title_full |
On the turbulent heat fluxes: A comparison among satellite-based estimates, atmospheric reanalyses, and in-situ observations during the winter climate over Arctic sea ice |
title_fullStr |
On the turbulent heat fluxes: A comparison among satellite-based estimates, atmospheric reanalyses, and in-situ observations during the winter climate over Arctic sea ice |
title_full_unstemmed |
On the turbulent heat fluxes: A comparison among satellite-based estimates, atmospheric reanalyses, and in-situ observations during the winter climate over Arctic sea ice |
title_sort |
on the turbulent heat fluxes: a comparison among satellite-based estimates, atmospheric reanalyses, and in-situ observations during the winter climate over arctic sea ice |
publisher |
KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.04.004 https://doaj.org/article/95db13ce6f674e00be75306529f43db6 |
geographic |
Arctic Svalbard |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Svalbard |
genre |
Arctic Sea ice Svalbard |
genre_facet |
Arctic Sea ice Svalbard |
op_source |
Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol 14, Iss 3, Pp 347-362 (2023) |
op_relation |
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167492782300045X https://doaj.org/toc/1674-9278 1674-9278 doi:10.1016/j.accre.2023.04.004 https://doaj.org/article/95db13ce6f674e00be75306529f43db6 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2023.04.004 |
container_title |
Advances in Climate Change Research |
container_volume |
14 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
347 |
op_container_end_page |
362 |
_version_ |
1774714416027140096 |