Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea
Iodine compounds were measured above, below and within the sea ice of the Weddell Sea during a cruise in 2009, to make progress in elucidating the mechanism of local enhancement and volatilisation of iodine. I 2 mixing ratios of up to 12.4 pptv were measured 10 m above the sea ice, and up to 31 pptv...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012 https://doaj.org/article/91b2d9e2a15a40eeb389c06b4da6d7c3 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:91b2d9e2a15a40eeb389c06b4da6d7c3 2023-05-15T15:47:03+02:00 Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea H. M. Atkinson R.-J. Huang R. Chance H. K. Roscoe C. Hughes B. Davison A. Schönhardt A. S. Mahajan A. Saiz-Lopez T. Hoffmann P. S. Liss 2012-11-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012 https://doaj.org/article/91b2d9e2a15a40eeb389c06b4da6d7c3 EN eng Copernicus Publications http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/11229/2012/acp-12-11229-2012.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7316 https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7324 doi:10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012 1680-7316 1680-7324 https://doaj.org/article/91b2d9e2a15a40eeb389c06b4da6d7c3 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 12, Iss 22, Pp 11229-11244 (2012) Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 article 2012 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012 2022-12-31T00:00:48Z Iodine compounds were measured above, below and within the sea ice of the Weddell Sea during a cruise in 2009, to make progress in elucidating the mechanism of local enhancement and volatilisation of iodine. I 2 mixing ratios of up to 12.4 pptv were measured 10 m above the sea ice, and up to 31 pptv was observed above surface snow on the nearby Brunt Ice Shelf – large amounts. Atmospheric IO of up to 7 pptv was measured from the ship, and the average sum of HOI and ICl was 1.9 pptv. These measurements confirm the Weddell Sea as an iodine hotspot. Average atmospheric concentrations of CH 3 I, C 2 H 5 I, CH 2 ICl, 2-C 3 H 7 I, CH 2 IBr and 1-C 3 H 7 I were each 0.2 pptv or less. On the Brunt Ice Shelf, enhanced concentrations of CH 3 I and C 2 H 5 I (up to 0.5 and 1 pptv respectively) were observed in firn air, with a diurnal profile that suggests the snow may be a source. In the sea ice brine, iodocarbons concentrations were over 10 times those of the sea water below. The sum of iodide + iodate was depleted in sea ice samples, suggesting some missing iodine chemistry. Flux calculations suggest I 2 dominates the iodine atom flux to the atmosphere, but models cannot reconcile the observations and suggest either a missing iodine source or other deficiencies in our understanding of iodine chemistry. The observation of new particle formation, consistent with the model predictions, strongly suggests an iodine source. This combined study of iodine compounds is the first of its kind in this unique region of sea ice rich in biology and rich in iodine chemistry. Article in Journal/Newspaper Brunt Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Sea ice Weddell Sea Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Weddell Sea Weddell Brunt Ice Shelf ENVELOPE(-22.500,-22.500,-74.750,-74.750) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12 22 11229 11244 |
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Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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English |
topic |
Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
spellingShingle |
Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 H. M. Atkinson R.-J. Huang R. Chance H. K. Roscoe C. Hughes B. Davison A. Schönhardt A. S. Mahajan A. Saiz-Lopez T. Hoffmann P. S. Liss Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea |
topic_facet |
Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
description |
Iodine compounds were measured above, below and within the sea ice of the Weddell Sea during a cruise in 2009, to make progress in elucidating the mechanism of local enhancement and volatilisation of iodine. I 2 mixing ratios of up to 12.4 pptv were measured 10 m above the sea ice, and up to 31 pptv was observed above surface snow on the nearby Brunt Ice Shelf – large amounts. Atmospheric IO of up to 7 pptv was measured from the ship, and the average sum of HOI and ICl was 1.9 pptv. These measurements confirm the Weddell Sea as an iodine hotspot. Average atmospheric concentrations of CH 3 I, C 2 H 5 I, CH 2 ICl, 2-C 3 H 7 I, CH 2 IBr and 1-C 3 H 7 I were each 0.2 pptv or less. On the Brunt Ice Shelf, enhanced concentrations of CH 3 I and C 2 H 5 I (up to 0.5 and 1 pptv respectively) were observed in firn air, with a diurnal profile that suggests the snow may be a source. In the sea ice brine, iodocarbons concentrations were over 10 times those of the sea water below. The sum of iodide + iodate was depleted in sea ice samples, suggesting some missing iodine chemistry. Flux calculations suggest I 2 dominates the iodine atom flux to the atmosphere, but models cannot reconcile the observations and suggest either a missing iodine source or other deficiencies in our understanding of iodine chemistry. The observation of new particle formation, consistent with the model predictions, strongly suggests an iodine source. This combined study of iodine compounds is the first of its kind in this unique region of sea ice rich in biology and rich in iodine chemistry. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
H. M. Atkinson R.-J. Huang R. Chance H. K. Roscoe C. Hughes B. Davison A. Schönhardt A. S. Mahajan A. Saiz-Lopez T. Hoffmann P. S. Liss |
author_facet |
H. M. Atkinson R.-J. Huang R. Chance H. K. Roscoe C. Hughes B. Davison A. Schönhardt A. S. Mahajan A. Saiz-Lopez T. Hoffmann P. S. Liss |
author_sort |
H. M. Atkinson |
title |
Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea |
title_short |
Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea |
title_full |
Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea |
title_fullStr |
Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea |
title_full_unstemmed |
Iodine emissions from the sea ice of the Weddell Sea |
title_sort |
iodine emissions from the sea ice of the weddell sea |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2012 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012 https://doaj.org/article/91b2d9e2a15a40eeb389c06b4da6d7c3 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-22.500,-22.500,-74.750,-74.750) |
geographic |
Weddell Sea Weddell Brunt Ice Shelf |
geographic_facet |
Weddell Sea Weddell Brunt Ice Shelf |
genre |
Brunt Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Sea ice Weddell Sea |
genre_facet |
Brunt Ice Shelf Ice Shelf Sea ice Weddell Sea |
op_source |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 12, Iss 22, Pp 11229-11244 (2012) |
op_relation |
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/11229/2012/acp-12-11229-2012.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7316 https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7324 doi:10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012 1680-7316 1680-7324 https://doaj.org/article/91b2d9e2a15a40eeb389c06b4da6d7c3 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11229-2012 |
container_title |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
container_volume |
12 |
container_issue |
22 |
container_start_page |
11229 |
op_container_end_page |
11244 |
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1766381852093841408 |