The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya.
Background Despite the importance of non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease in Africa, epidemiologic data on carriage and transmission are few. These data are important to understand the transmission of NTS in Africa and to design control strategies. Method To estimate the prevalence of stool carria...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:8eb6ca932f6b4926a8b2c8d83c391b5a 2023-12-31T10:04:11+01:00 The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. Esther M Muthumbi Alfred Mwanzu Cecilia Mbae Godfrey Bigogo Angela Karani Salim Mwarumba Jennifer R Verani Samuel Kariuki J Anthony G Scott 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716 https://doaj.org/article/8eb6ca932f6b4926a8b2c8d83c391b5a EN eng Public Library of Science (PLoS) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716 https://doaj.org/article/8eb6ca932f6b4926a8b2c8d83c391b5a PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 17, Iss 10, p e0011716 (2023) Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 article 2023 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716 2023-12-03T01:41:39Z Background Despite the importance of non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease in Africa, epidemiologic data on carriage and transmission are few. These data are important to understand the transmission of NTS in Africa and to design control strategies. Method To estimate the prevalence of stool carriage of NTS in Kenya, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Kilifi, Nairobi, and Siaya, sites with a low, moderate and high incidence of invasive NTS disease, respectively. At each site, we randomly selected 100 participants in each age-group of 0-11 months, 12-59 months, 5-14 years, 15-54 years and ≥55 years. We collected stool, venous blood (for hemoglobin and malaria rapid tests), anthropometric measurements, and administered a questionnaire on Water Access Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices. Stool samples were cultured on selective agar for Salmonella; suspect isolates underwent serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Result Overall, 53 (3.5%) isolates of NTS were cultured from 1497 samples. Age-adjusted prevalence was 13.1% (95%CI 8.8-17.4) in Kilifi, 0.4% (95%CI 0-1.3) in Nairobi, and 0.9% (95%CI 0-2.0) in Siaya. Prevalence was highest among those aged 15-54 years (6.2%). Of 53 isolates; 5 were S. Enteritidis, 1 was S. Typhimurium. No S. Typhi was isolated. None of the risk factors were associated with carriage of NTS. All isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole. Conclusion Prevalence of fecal carriage was high in Kilifi, an area of low incidence of invasive NTS disease and was low in areas of higher incidence in Nairobi and Siaya. The age-prevalence, risk factors, geographical and serotype distribution of NTS in carriage differs from invasive disease. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17 10 e0011716 |
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Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
spellingShingle |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Esther M Muthumbi Alfred Mwanzu Cecilia Mbae Godfrey Bigogo Angela Karani Salim Mwarumba Jennifer R Verani Samuel Kariuki J Anthony G Scott The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
topic_facet |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
description |
Background Despite the importance of non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease in Africa, epidemiologic data on carriage and transmission are few. These data are important to understand the transmission of NTS in Africa and to design control strategies. Method To estimate the prevalence of stool carriage of NTS in Kenya, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Kilifi, Nairobi, and Siaya, sites with a low, moderate and high incidence of invasive NTS disease, respectively. At each site, we randomly selected 100 participants in each age-group of 0-11 months, 12-59 months, 5-14 years, 15-54 years and ≥55 years. We collected stool, venous blood (for hemoglobin and malaria rapid tests), anthropometric measurements, and administered a questionnaire on Water Access Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices. Stool samples were cultured on selective agar for Salmonella; suspect isolates underwent serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Result Overall, 53 (3.5%) isolates of NTS were cultured from 1497 samples. Age-adjusted prevalence was 13.1% (95%CI 8.8-17.4) in Kilifi, 0.4% (95%CI 0-1.3) in Nairobi, and 0.9% (95%CI 0-2.0) in Siaya. Prevalence was highest among those aged 15-54 years (6.2%). Of 53 isolates; 5 were S. Enteritidis, 1 was S. Typhimurium. No S. Typhi was isolated. None of the risk factors were associated with carriage of NTS. All isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole. Conclusion Prevalence of fecal carriage was high in Kilifi, an area of low incidence of invasive NTS disease and was low in areas of higher incidence in Nairobi and Siaya. The age-prevalence, risk factors, geographical and serotype distribution of NTS in carriage differs from invasive disease. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Esther M Muthumbi Alfred Mwanzu Cecilia Mbae Godfrey Bigogo Angela Karani Salim Mwarumba Jennifer R Verani Samuel Kariuki J Anthony G Scott |
author_facet |
Esther M Muthumbi Alfred Mwanzu Cecilia Mbae Godfrey Bigogo Angela Karani Salim Mwarumba Jennifer R Verani Samuel Kariuki J Anthony G Scott |
author_sort |
Esther M Muthumbi |
title |
The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
title_short |
The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
title_full |
The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
title_fullStr |
The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
title_full_unstemmed |
The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. |
title_sort |
epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in kenya. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716 https://doaj.org/article/8eb6ca932f6b4926a8b2c8d83c391b5a |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 17, Iss 10, p e0011716 (2023) |
op_relation |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716 https://doaj.org/article/8eb6ca932f6b4926a8b2c8d83c391b5a |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716 |
container_title |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
container_volume |
17 |
container_issue |
10 |
container_start_page |
e0011716 |
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1786830262770860032 |