Atmospheric Particle Number Concentrations and New Particle Formation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: A Critical Review

The Southern Ocean (SO) and Antarctica play important roles in the global climate. The new particle formation (NPF) alters the availability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), leading to impacts on the cloud reflectance and global radiative budget. In this review, we introduce the common instruments...

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Published in:Atmosphere
Main Authors: Jiayu Wang, Guojie Xu, Liqi Chen, Kui Chen
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020402
https://doaj.org/article/8c49979f179f4cbcbdbc9cb37e35d068
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spelling ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:8c49979f179f4cbcbdbc9cb37e35d068 2023-05-15T13:57:11+02:00 Atmospheric Particle Number Concentrations and New Particle Formation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: A Critical Review Jiayu Wang Guojie Xu Liqi Chen Kui Chen 2023-02-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020402 https://doaj.org/article/8c49979f179f4cbcbdbc9cb37e35d068 EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/2/402 https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 doi:10.3390/atmos14020402 2073-4433 https://doaj.org/article/8c49979f179f4cbcbdbc9cb37e35d068 Atmosphere, Vol 14, Iss 402, p 402 (2023) Southern Ocean Antarctica number concentration size distribution new particle formation Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 article 2023 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020402 2023-02-26T01:31:21Z The Southern Ocean (SO) and Antarctica play important roles in the global climate. The new particle formation (NPF) alters the availability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), leading to impacts on the cloud reflectance and global radiative budget. In this review, we introduce the common instruments for measuring particle number concentration (PNC) and particle number size distribution (PNSD). Based on the observations over the Antarctic and some Antarctic research stations, we explored spatial and temporal characteristics of PNCs and PNSDs. From the SO to the interior of the Antarctic, the total PNCs show a decreasing trend, and the total PNCs present an obvious seasonal cycle, with the low concentration in winter (June–August) and the high concentration in summer (December–February). By summarizing the research progress over the SO and Antarctica, we discuss possible precursors of the NPF: sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 , SA), methanesulfonic acid (CH 3 S(O) 2 OH, MSA), dimethyl sulfide ((CH 3 ) 2 S, DMS), iodic acid (HIO 3 , IA), iodous acid (HIO 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), dimethylamine ((CH 3 ) 2 NH, DMA), highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) and other organics with low vapor pressure. We also explore several possible nucleation mechanisms: ion-induced nucleation of H 2 SO 4 and NH 3 , H 2 SO 4 -amines, H 2 SO 4 -DMA-H 2 O, H 2 SO 4 -MSA-DMA, IA-MSA, IA-DMA, heterogeneous IA-organics nucleation mechanisms and environmental conditions required for the NPF. NPF is one of the main sources of CCN in the remote marine boundary layer, such as the SO and Antarctica. Thus, we discuss the contribution of NPF to CCN and the indirect impacts of NPF on climate. Through this review, we could better understand the PNC and NPF over the SO and Antarctica and their impacts on the global climate. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Southern Ocean Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Atmosphere 14 2 402
institution Open Polar
collection Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles
op_collection_id ftdoajarticles
language English
topic Southern Ocean
Antarctica
number concentration
size distribution
new particle formation
Meteorology. Climatology
QC851-999
spellingShingle Southern Ocean
Antarctica
number concentration
size distribution
new particle formation
Meteorology. Climatology
QC851-999
Jiayu Wang
Guojie Xu
Liqi Chen
Kui Chen
Atmospheric Particle Number Concentrations and New Particle Formation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: A Critical Review
topic_facet Southern Ocean
Antarctica
number concentration
size distribution
new particle formation
Meteorology. Climatology
QC851-999
description The Southern Ocean (SO) and Antarctica play important roles in the global climate. The new particle formation (NPF) alters the availability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), leading to impacts on the cloud reflectance and global radiative budget. In this review, we introduce the common instruments for measuring particle number concentration (PNC) and particle number size distribution (PNSD). Based on the observations over the Antarctic and some Antarctic research stations, we explored spatial and temporal characteristics of PNCs and PNSDs. From the SO to the interior of the Antarctic, the total PNCs show a decreasing trend, and the total PNCs present an obvious seasonal cycle, with the low concentration in winter (June–August) and the high concentration in summer (December–February). By summarizing the research progress over the SO and Antarctica, we discuss possible precursors of the NPF: sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 , SA), methanesulfonic acid (CH 3 S(O) 2 OH, MSA), dimethyl sulfide ((CH 3 ) 2 S, DMS), iodic acid (HIO 3 , IA), iodous acid (HIO 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), dimethylamine ((CH 3 ) 2 NH, DMA), highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) and other organics with low vapor pressure. We also explore several possible nucleation mechanisms: ion-induced nucleation of H 2 SO 4 and NH 3 , H 2 SO 4 -amines, H 2 SO 4 -DMA-H 2 O, H 2 SO 4 -MSA-DMA, IA-MSA, IA-DMA, heterogeneous IA-organics nucleation mechanisms and environmental conditions required for the NPF. NPF is one of the main sources of CCN in the remote marine boundary layer, such as the SO and Antarctica. Thus, we discuss the contribution of NPF to CCN and the indirect impacts of NPF on climate. Through this review, we could better understand the PNC and NPF over the SO and Antarctica and their impacts on the global climate.
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Jiayu Wang
Guojie Xu
Liqi Chen
Kui Chen
author_facet Jiayu Wang
Guojie Xu
Liqi Chen
Kui Chen
author_sort Jiayu Wang
title Atmospheric Particle Number Concentrations and New Particle Formation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: A Critical Review
title_short Atmospheric Particle Number Concentrations and New Particle Formation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: A Critical Review
title_full Atmospheric Particle Number Concentrations and New Particle Formation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: A Critical Review
title_fullStr Atmospheric Particle Number Concentrations and New Particle Formation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: A Critical Review
title_full_unstemmed Atmospheric Particle Number Concentrations and New Particle Formation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: A Critical Review
title_sort atmospheric particle number concentrations and new particle formation over the southern ocean and antarctica: a critical review
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2023
url https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020402
https://doaj.org/article/8c49979f179f4cbcbdbc9cb37e35d068
geographic Antarctic
Southern Ocean
The Antarctic
geographic_facet Antarctic
Southern Ocean
The Antarctic
genre Antarc*
Antarctic
Antarctica
Southern Ocean
genre_facet Antarc*
Antarctic
Antarctica
Southern Ocean
op_source Atmosphere, Vol 14, Iss 402, p 402 (2023)
op_relation https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/2/402
https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433
doi:10.3390/atmos14020402
2073-4433
https://doaj.org/article/8c49979f179f4cbcbdbc9cb37e35d068
op_doi https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020402
container_title Atmosphere
container_volume 14
container_issue 2
container_start_page 402
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