The Distribution of Nickel in the West-Atlantic Ocean, Its Relationship With Phosphate and a Comparison to Cadmium and Zinc
Nickel (Ni) is a bio-essential element required for the growth of phytoplankton. It is the least studied bio-essential element, mainly because surface ocean Ni concentrations are never fully depleted and Ni is not generally considered to be a limiting factor. However, stimulation of growth after Ni...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:86b3d97cfcd14e3c937b2ed1e6c7f4d0 2023-05-15T13:54:01+02:00 The Distribution of Nickel in the West-Atlantic Ocean, Its Relationship With Phosphate and a Comparison to Cadmium and Zinc Rob Middag Hein J. W. de Baar Kenneth W. Bruland Steven M. A. C. van Heuven 2020-03-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00105 https://doaj.org/article/86b3d97cfcd14e3c937b2ed1e6c7f4d0 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2020.00105/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00105 https://doaj.org/article/86b3d97cfcd14e3c937b2ed1e6c7f4d0 Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 7 (2020) GEOTRACES GA02 dissolved nickel dissolved cadmium dissolved zinc west Atlantic Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00105 2022-12-31T02:20:13Z Nickel (Ni) is a bio-essential element required for the growth of phytoplankton. It is the least studied bio-essential element, mainly because surface ocean Ni concentrations are never fully depleted and Ni is not generally considered to be a limiting factor. However, stimulation of growth after Ni addition has been observed in past experiments when seemingly ample ambient dissolved Ni was present, suggesting not all dissolved Ni is bio-available. This study details the distribution of Ni along the GEOTRACES GA02 Atlantic Meridional section. Concentrations of Ni were lowest in the surface ocean and the lowest observed concentration of 1.7 nmol kg–1 was found in the northern hemisphere (NH). The generally lower surface concentrations in the NH subtropical gyre compared to the southern hemisphere (SH), might be related to a greater Ni uptake by nitrogen fixers that are stimulated by iron (Fe) deposition. The distribution of Ni resembles the distribution of cadmium (Cd) and also features a so called kink (change in the steepness of slope) in the Ni-PO4 relationship. Like for Cd, this is caused by the mixing of Nordic and Antarctic origin water masses. The overall distribution of Ni is driven by mixing with an influence of regional remineralization. This influence of remineralization is, with a maximum remineralization contribution of 13% of the highest observed concentration, smaller than for Cd (30%), but larger than for zinc (Zn; 6%). The uptake pattern in the formation regions of Antarctic origin water masses is suggested to be more similar to Zn than to Cd, however, the surface concentrations of Ni are never fully depleted. This results in a North Atlantic concentration distribution of Ni where the trends of increasing and decreasing concentrations between water masses are similar to those observed for Cd, but the actual concentrations as well as the uptake and remineralization patterns are different between these elements. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Antarctic Frontiers in Marine Science 7 |
institution |
Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
GEOTRACES GA02 dissolved nickel dissolved cadmium dissolved zinc west Atlantic Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
spellingShingle |
GEOTRACES GA02 dissolved nickel dissolved cadmium dissolved zinc west Atlantic Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Rob Middag Hein J. W. de Baar Kenneth W. Bruland Steven M. A. C. van Heuven The Distribution of Nickel in the West-Atlantic Ocean, Its Relationship With Phosphate and a Comparison to Cadmium and Zinc |
topic_facet |
GEOTRACES GA02 dissolved nickel dissolved cadmium dissolved zinc west Atlantic Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
description |
Nickel (Ni) is a bio-essential element required for the growth of phytoplankton. It is the least studied bio-essential element, mainly because surface ocean Ni concentrations are never fully depleted and Ni is not generally considered to be a limiting factor. However, stimulation of growth after Ni addition has been observed in past experiments when seemingly ample ambient dissolved Ni was present, suggesting not all dissolved Ni is bio-available. This study details the distribution of Ni along the GEOTRACES GA02 Atlantic Meridional section. Concentrations of Ni were lowest in the surface ocean and the lowest observed concentration of 1.7 nmol kg–1 was found in the northern hemisphere (NH). The generally lower surface concentrations in the NH subtropical gyre compared to the southern hemisphere (SH), might be related to a greater Ni uptake by nitrogen fixers that are stimulated by iron (Fe) deposition. The distribution of Ni resembles the distribution of cadmium (Cd) and also features a so called kink (change in the steepness of slope) in the Ni-PO4 relationship. Like for Cd, this is caused by the mixing of Nordic and Antarctic origin water masses. The overall distribution of Ni is driven by mixing with an influence of regional remineralization. This influence of remineralization is, with a maximum remineralization contribution of 13% of the highest observed concentration, smaller than for Cd (30%), but larger than for zinc (Zn; 6%). The uptake pattern in the formation regions of Antarctic origin water masses is suggested to be more similar to Zn than to Cd, however, the surface concentrations of Ni are never fully depleted. This results in a North Atlantic concentration distribution of Ni where the trends of increasing and decreasing concentrations between water masses are similar to those observed for Cd, but the actual concentrations as well as the uptake and remineralization patterns are different between these elements. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Rob Middag Hein J. W. de Baar Kenneth W. Bruland Steven M. A. C. van Heuven |
author_facet |
Rob Middag Hein J. W. de Baar Kenneth W. Bruland Steven M. A. C. van Heuven |
author_sort |
Rob Middag |
title |
The Distribution of Nickel in the West-Atlantic Ocean, Its Relationship With Phosphate and a Comparison to Cadmium and Zinc |
title_short |
The Distribution of Nickel in the West-Atlantic Ocean, Its Relationship With Phosphate and a Comparison to Cadmium and Zinc |
title_full |
The Distribution of Nickel in the West-Atlantic Ocean, Its Relationship With Phosphate and a Comparison to Cadmium and Zinc |
title_fullStr |
The Distribution of Nickel in the West-Atlantic Ocean, Its Relationship With Phosphate and a Comparison to Cadmium and Zinc |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Distribution of Nickel in the West-Atlantic Ocean, Its Relationship With Phosphate and a Comparison to Cadmium and Zinc |
title_sort |
distribution of nickel in the west-atlantic ocean, its relationship with phosphate and a comparison to cadmium and zinc |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00105 https://doaj.org/article/86b3d97cfcd14e3c937b2ed1e6c7f4d0 |
geographic |
Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic North Atlantic |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 7 (2020) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2020.00105/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00105 https://doaj.org/article/86b3d97cfcd14e3c937b2ed1e6c7f4d0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00105 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
7 |
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1766259510260793344 |