Mind the gut: genomic insights to population divergence and gut microbial composition of two marine keystone species

• Published in: Microbiome
• Main Authors: Katharina Fietz, Christian Olaf Rye Hintze, Mikkel Skovrind, Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen, Morten T. Limborg, Marcus A. Krag, Per J. Palsbøll, Lars Hestbjerg Hansen, Peter Rask Møller, M. Thomas P. Gilbert
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: BMC 2018
• Subjects: Microbiome; Holobiome; Local adaptive potential; Population genomics; Sand lance; Baltic Sea; Microbial ecology; QR100-130; Hyperoplus lanceolatus
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0467-7; https://doaj.org/article/8698b5c7fdce40999491b32211893b90

Abstract Background Deciphering the mechanisms governing population genetic divergence and local adaptation across heterogeneous environments is a central theme in marine ecology and conservation. While population divergence and ecological adaptive potential are classically viewed at the genetic level, it has recently been argued that their microbiomes may also contribute to population genetic divergence. We explored whether this might be plausible along the well-described environmental gradient of the Baltic Sea in two species of sand lance (Ammodytes tobianus and Hyperoplus lanceolatus). Specifically, we assessed both their population genetic and gut microbial composition variation and investigated not only which environmental parameters correlate with the observed variation, but whether host genome also correlates with microbiome variation. Results We found a clear genetic structure separating the high-salinity North Sea from the low-salinity Baltic Sea sand lances. The observed genetic divergence was not simply a function of isolation by distance, but correlated with environmental parameters, such as salinity, sea surface temperature, and, in the case of A. tobianus, possibly water microbiota. Furthermore, we detected two distinct genetic groups in Baltic A. tobianus that might represent sympatric spawning types. Investigation of possible drivers of gut microbiome composition variation revealed that host species identity was significantly correlated with the microbial community composition of the gut. A potential influence of host genetic factors on gut microbiome composition was further confirmed by the results of a constrained analysis of principal coordinates. The host genetic component was among the parameters that best explain observed variation in gut microbiome composition. Conclusions Our findings have relevance for the population structure of two commercial species but also provide insights into potentially relevant genomic and microbial factors with regards to sand lance adaptation across the North ...