Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt: Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century
The article is about the Swedish religious policy towards the Orthodox (a majority at first, a minority after the mid-1650s) and Orthodox-Lutheran relations at the grassroots level. It shows that in official Swedish policy, the highest authorities urged local functionaries to cautious and non-coerci...
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2020
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.46586/er.11.2020.8646 https://doaj.org/article/839e9bde9389411f9d31945b71e04947 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:839e9bde9389411f9d31945b71e04947 2023-05-15T17:01:41+02:00 Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt: Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century Teuvo Laitila 2020-09-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.46586/er.11.2020.8646 https://doaj.org/article/839e9bde9389411f9d31945b71e04947 EN eng CERES / KHK Bochum https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/8646 https://doaj.org/toc/2363-6696 doi:10.46586/er.11.2020.8646 2363-6696 https://doaj.org/article/839e9bde9389411f9d31945b71e04947 Entangled Religions - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Religious Contact and Transfer, Vol 11, Iss 1 (2020) Kexholm County (Karelia) Swedish religious policy Orthodox seventeenth century Orthodox-Lutheran relations conversion Religion (General) BL1-50 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.46586/er.11.2020.8646 2022-12-31T04:38:21Z The article is about the Swedish religious policy towards the Orthodox (a majority at first, a minority after the mid-1650s) and Orthodox-Lutheran relations at the grassroots level. It shows that in official Swedish policy, the highest authorities urged local functionaries to cautious and non-coercive treatment of the Orthodox, while the latter at times proposed, and partly tried to implement, a forced conversion of the Karelians. Grassroots relations between Orthodox and Lutherans varied greatly, depending on which of them made up a majority in each place, who owned the land, and whether the Lutherans were newcomers. When the Orthodox were a majority the Lutherans conformed with their faith, even converting to Orthodoxy, although this was officially forbidden. When the majority consisted of Lutherans, the Orthodox started to convert or to assimilate to the Lutheran way of life. At the county level, religion as such was not a major factor in transforming the region into a Lutheran one. More important was the way in which religious issues were linked to local social encounters and practices and how the state overtly or covertly attempted to change Orthodoxy and encouraged Orthodox emigration from and Lutheran immigration to the county. Article in Journal/Newspaper karelians Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Entangled Religions 11 1 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Kexholm County (Karelia) Swedish religious policy Orthodox seventeenth century Orthodox-Lutheran relations conversion Religion (General) BL1-50 |
spellingShingle |
Kexholm County (Karelia) Swedish religious policy Orthodox seventeenth century Orthodox-Lutheran relations conversion Religion (General) BL1-50 Teuvo Laitila Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt: Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century |
topic_facet |
Kexholm County (Karelia) Swedish religious policy Orthodox seventeenth century Orthodox-Lutheran relations conversion Religion (General) BL1-50 |
description |
The article is about the Swedish religious policy towards the Orthodox (a majority at first, a minority after the mid-1650s) and Orthodox-Lutheran relations at the grassroots level. It shows that in official Swedish policy, the highest authorities urged local functionaries to cautious and non-coercive treatment of the Orthodox, while the latter at times proposed, and partly tried to implement, a forced conversion of the Karelians. Grassroots relations between Orthodox and Lutherans varied greatly, depending on which of them made up a majority in each place, who owned the land, and whether the Lutherans were newcomers. When the Orthodox were a majority the Lutherans conformed with their faith, even converting to Orthodoxy, although this was officially forbidden. When the majority consisted of Lutherans, the Orthodox started to convert or to assimilate to the Lutheran way of life. At the county level, religion as such was not a major factor in transforming the region into a Lutheran one. More important was the way in which religious issues were linked to local social encounters and practices and how the state overtly or covertly attempted to change Orthodoxy and encouraged Orthodox emigration from and Lutheran immigration to the county. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Teuvo Laitila |
author_facet |
Teuvo Laitila |
author_sort |
Teuvo Laitila |
title |
Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt: Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century |
title_short |
Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt: Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century |
title_full |
Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt: Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century |
title_fullStr |
Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt: Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century |
title_full_unstemmed |
Coercion, Cooperation, Conflicts and Contempt: Orthodox-Lutheran Relations in Swedish-Occupied Kexholm County, Karelia, in the Seventeenth Century |
title_sort |
coercion, cooperation, conflicts and contempt: orthodox-lutheran relations in swedish-occupied kexholm county, karelia, in the seventeenth century |
publisher |
CERES / KHK Bochum |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.46586/er.11.2020.8646 https://doaj.org/article/839e9bde9389411f9d31945b71e04947 |
genre |
karelians |
genre_facet |
karelians |
op_source |
Entangled Religions - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Religious Contact and Transfer, Vol 11, Iss 1 (2020) |
op_relation |
https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/8646 https://doaj.org/toc/2363-6696 doi:10.46586/er.11.2020.8646 2363-6696 https://doaj.org/article/839e9bde9389411f9d31945b71e04947 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.46586/er.11.2020.8646 |
container_title |
Entangled Religions |
container_volume |
11 |
container_issue |
1 |
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1766054809860833280 |