Global Drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Changing Physical Environments and Anthropogenic Pressures in an Earth System
The manuscript assesses the current and expected future global drivers of Southern Ocean (SO) ecosystems. Atmospheric ozone depletion over the Antarctic since the 1970s, has been a key driver, resulting in springtime cooling of the stratosphere and intensification of the polar vortex, increasing the...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188 https://doaj.org/article/8397902edcb642ca977f93974a860d4d |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:8397902edcb642ca977f93974a860d4d 2023-05-15T13:24:17+02:00 Global Drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Changing Physical Environments and Anthropogenic Pressures in an Earth System Simon A. Morley Doris Abele David K. A. Barnes César A. Cárdenas Cedric Cotté Julian Gutt Sian F. Henley Juan Höfer Kevin A. Hughes Stephanie M. Martin Carlos Moffat Marilyn Raphael Sharon E. Stammerjohn Coleen C. Suckling Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch Cath L. Waller Andrew J. Constable 2020-12-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188 https://doaj.org/article/8397902edcb642ca977f93974a860d4d EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.547188 https://doaj.org/article/8397902edcb642ca977f93974a860d4d Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 7 (2020) Southern Annular Mode ozone hole cryosphere and climate change biogeochemsitry carbon dioxde non-indigenous species Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 article 2020 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188 2022-12-31T10:46:18Z The manuscript assesses the current and expected future global drivers of Southern Ocean (SO) ecosystems. Atmospheric ozone depletion over the Antarctic since the 1970s, has been a key driver, resulting in springtime cooling of the stratosphere and intensification of the polar vortex, increasing the frequency of positive phases of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). This increases warm air-flow over the East Pacific sector (Western Antarctic Peninsula) and cold air flow over the West Pacific sector. SAM as well as El Niño Southern Oscillation events also affect the Amundsen Sea Low leading to either positive or negative sea ice anomalies in the west and east Pacific sectors, respectively. The strengthening of westerly winds is also linked to shoaling of deep warmer water onto the continental shelves, particularly in the East Pacific and Atlantic sectors. Air and ocean warming has led to changes in the cryosphere, with glacial and ice sheet melting in both sectors, opening up new ice free areas to biological productivity, but increasing seafloor disturbance by icebergs. The increased melting is correlated with a salinity decrease particularly in the surface 100 m. Such processes could increase the availability of iron, which is currently limiting primary production over much of the SO. Increasing CO2 is one of the most important SO anthropogenic drivers and is likely to affect marine ecosystems in the coming decades. While levels of many pollutants are lower than elsewhere, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and plastics have been detected in the SO, with concentrations likely enhanced by migratory species. With increased marine traffic and weakening of ocean barriers the risk of the establishment of non-indigenous species is increased. The continued recovery of the ozone hole creates uncertainty over the reversal in sea ice trends, especially in the light of the abrupt transition from record high to record low Antarctic sea ice extent since spring 2016. The current rate of change in physical and anthropogenic ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Amundsen Sea Antarc* Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet Iceberg* Sea ice Southern Ocean Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Amundsen Sea Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula Pacific Southern Ocean The Antarctic Frontiers in Marine Science 7 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Southern Annular Mode ozone hole cryosphere and climate change biogeochemsitry carbon dioxde non-indigenous species Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
spellingShingle |
Southern Annular Mode ozone hole cryosphere and climate change biogeochemsitry carbon dioxde non-indigenous species Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Simon A. Morley Doris Abele David K. A. Barnes César A. Cárdenas Cedric Cotté Julian Gutt Sian F. Henley Juan Höfer Kevin A. Hughes Stephanie M. Martin Carlos Moffat Marilyn Raphael Sharon E. Stammerjohn Coleen C. Suckling Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch Cath L. Waller Andrew J. Constable Global Drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Changing Physical Environments and Anthropogenic Pressures in an Earth System |
topic_facet |
Southern Annular Mode ozone hole cryosphere and climate change biogeochemsitry carbon dioxde non-indigenous species Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
description |
The manuscript assesses the current and expected future global drivers of Southern Ocean (SO) ecosystems. Atmospheric ozone depletion over the Antarctic since the 1970s, has been a key driver, resulting in springtime cooling of the stratosphere and intensification of the polar vortex, increasing the frequency of positive phases of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). This increases warm air-flow over the East Pacific sector (Western Antarctic Peninsula) and cold air flow over the West Pacific sector. SAM as well as El Niño Southern Oscillation events also affect the Amundsen Sea Low leading to either positive or negative sea ice anomalies in the west and east Pacific sectors, respectively. The strengthening of westerly winds is also linked to shoaling of deep warmer water onto the continental shelves, particularly in the East Pacific and Atlantic sectors. Air and ocean warming has led to changes in the cryosphere, with glacial and ice sheet melting in both sectors, opening up new ice free areas to biological productivity, but increasing seafloor disturbance by icebergs. The increased melting is correlated with a salinity decrease particularly in the surface 100 m. Such processes could increase the availability of iron, which is currently limiting primary production over much of the SO. Increasing CO2 is one of the most important SO anthropogenic drivers and is likely to affect marine ecosystems in the coming decades. While levels of many pollutants are lower than elsewhere, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and plastics have been detected in the SO, with concentrations likely enhanced by migratory species. With increased marine traffic and weakening of ocean barriers the risk of the establishment of non-indigenous species is increased. The continued recovery of the ozone hole creates uncertainty over the reversal in sea ice trends, especially in the light of the abrupt transition from record high to record low Antarctic sea ice extent since spring 2016. The current rate of change in physical and anthropogenic ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Simon A. Morley Doris Abele David K. A. Barnes César A. Cárdenas Cedric Cotté Julian Gutt Sian F. Henley Juan Höfer Kevin A. Hughes Stephanie M. Martin Carlos Moffat Marilyn Raphael Sharon E. Stammerjohn Coleen C. Suckling Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch Cath L. Waller Andrew J. Constable |
author_facet |
Simon A. Morley Doris Abele David K. A. Barnes César A. Cárdenas Cedric Cotté Julian Gutt Sian F. Henley Juan Höfer Kevin A. Hughes Stephanie M. Martin Carlos Moffat Marilyn Raphael Sharon E. Stammerjohn Coleen C. Suckling Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch Cath L. Waller Andrew J. Constable |
author_sort |
Simon A. Morley |
title |
Global Drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Changing Physical Environments and Anthropogenic Pressures in an Earth System |
title_short |
Global Drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Changing Physical Environments and Anthropogenic Pressures in an Earth System |
title_full |
Global Drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Changing Physical Environments and Anthropogenic Pressures in an Earth System |
title_fullStr |
Global Drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Changing Physical Environments and Anthropogenic Pressures in an Earth System |
title_full_unstemmed |
Global Drivers on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Changing Physical Environments and Anthropogenic Pressures in an Earth System |
title_sort |
global drivers on southern ocean ecosystems: changing physical environments and anthropogenic pressures in an earth system |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188 https://doaj.org/article/8397902edcb642ca977f93974a860d4d |
geographic |
Amundsen Sea Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula Pacific Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Amundsen Sea Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula Pacific Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
genre |
Amundsen Sea Antarc* Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet Iceberg* Sea ice Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Amundsen Sea Antarc* Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet Iceberg* Sea ice Southern Ocean |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 7 (2020) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.547188 https://doaj.org/article/8397902edcb642ca977f93974a860d4d |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
7 |
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1766378528806273024 |