Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existenc...

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Published in:Viruses
Main Authors: Humberto A. Martínez, Ramsés Reina, Beatriz Amorena, Damián de Andrés, Hugo Ramírez
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2013
Subjects:
VMV
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041175
https://doaj.org/article/793cede7f772419597bf79a97fef9bde
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spelling ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:793cede7f772419597bf79a97fef9bde 2023-05-15T16:51:14+02:00 Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis Humberto A. Martínez Ramsés Reina Beatriz Amorena Damián de Andrés Hugo Ramírez 2013-04-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041175 https://doaj.org/article/793cede7f772419597bf79a97fef9bde EN eng MDPI AG http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/4/1175 https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 doi:10.3390/v5041175 1999-4915 https://doaj.org/article/793cede7f772419597bf79a97fef9bde Viruses, Vol 5, Iss 4, Pp 1175-1207 (2013) SRLV CAEV VMV genetic variability tropism diagnosis Microbiology QR1-502 article 2013 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041175 2022-12-31T13:01:24Z Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host’s cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays. Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Viruses 5 4 1175 1207
institution Open Polar
collection Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles
op_collection_id ftdoajarticles
language English
topic SRLV
CAEV
VMV
genetic variability
tropism
diagnosis
Microbiology
QR1-502
spellingShingle SRLV
CAEV
VMV
genetic variability
tropism
diagnosis
Microbiology
QR1-502
Humberto A. Martínez
Ramsés Reina
Beatriz Amorena
Damián de Andrés
Hugo Ramírez
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis
topic_facet SRLV
CAEV
VMV
genetic variability
tropism
diagnosis
Microbiology
QR1-502
description Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host’s cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays.
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Humberto A. Martínez
Ramsés Reina
Beatriz Amorena
Damián de Andrés
Hugo Ramírez
author_facet Humberto A. Martínez
Ramsés Reina
Beatriz Amorena
Damián de Andrés
Hugo Ramírez
author_sort Humberto A. Martínez
title Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis
title_short Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis
title_full Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis
title_fullStr Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis
title_full_unstemmed Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Genetic Variability, Tropism and Diagnosis
title_sort small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2013
url https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041175
https://doaj.org/article/793cede7f772419597bf79a97fef9bde
genre Iceland
genre_facet Iceland
op_source Viruses, Vol 5, Iss 4, Pp 1175-1207 (2013)
op_relation http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/4/1175
https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915
doi:10.3390/v5041175
1999-4915
https://doaj.org/article/793cede7f772419597bf79a97fef9bde
op_doi https://doi.org/10.3390/v5041175
container_title Viruses
container_volume 5
container_issue 4
container_start_page 1175
op_container_end_page 1207
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