Genome Analysis of a Verrucomicrobial Endosymbiont With a Tiny Genome Discovered in an Antarctic Lake
Organic Lake in Antarctica is a marine-derived, cold (−13∘C), stratified (oxic-anoxic), hypersaline (>200 gl–1) system with unusual chemistry (very high levels of dimethylsulfide) that supports the growth of phylogenetically and metabolically diverse microorganisms. Symbionts are not well charact...
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2021
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.674758 https://doaj.org/article/78eefa6cd80049f8924c38e91bce8a6e |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:78eefa6cd80049f8924c38e91bce8a6e 2023-05-15T14:05:29+02:00 Genome Analysis of a Verrucomicrobial Endosymbiont With a Tiny Genome Discovered in an Antarctic Lake Timothy J. Williams Michelle A. Allen Natalia Ivanova Marcel Huntemann Sabrina Haque Alyce M. Hancock Sarah Brazendale Ricardo Cavicchioli 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.674758 https://doaj.org/article/78eefa6cd80049f8924c38e91bce8a6e EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.674758/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X 1664-302X doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.674758 https://doaj.org/article/78eefa6cd80049f8924c38e91bce8a6e Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol 12 (2021) Antarctic microbiology Bacterial endosymbionts metagenome extreme genome reduction genetic code 4 Microbiology QR1-502 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.674758 2022-12-31T10:12:31Z Organic Lake in Antarctica is a marine-derived, cold (−13∘C), stratified (oxic-anoxic), hypersaline (>200 gl–1) system with unusual chemistry (very high levels of dimethylsulfide) that supports the growth of phylogenetically and metabolically diverse microorganisms. Symbionts are not well characterized in Antarctica. However, unicellular eukaryotes are often present in Antarctic lakes and theoretically could harbor endosymbionts. Here, we describe Candidatus Organicella extenuata, a member of the Verrucomicrobia with a highly reduced genome, recovered as a metagenome-assembled genome with genetic code 4 (UGA-to-Trp recoding) from Organic Lake. It is closely related to Candidatus Pinguicocccus supinus (163,218 bp, 205 genes), a newly described cytoplasmic endosymbiont of the freshwater ciliate Euplotes vanleeuwenhoeki (Serra et al., 2020). At 158,228 bp (encoding 194 genes), the genome of Ca. Organicella extenuata is among the smallest known bacterial genomes and similar to the genome of Ca. Pinguicoccus supinus (163,218 bp, 205 genes). Ca. Organicella extenuata retains a capacity for replication, transcription, translation, and protein-folding while lacking any capacity for the biosynthesis of amino acids or vitamins. Notably, the endosymbiont retains a capacity for fatty acid synthesis (type II) and iron–sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly. Metagenomic analysis of 150 new metagenomes from Organic Lake and more than 70 other Antarctic aquatic locations revealed a strong correlation in abundance between Ca. Organicella extenuata and a novel ciliate of the genus Euplotes. Like Ca. Pinguicoccus supinus, we infer that Ca. Organicella extenuata is an endosymbiont of Euplotes and hypothesize that both Ca. Organicella extenuata and Ca. Pinguicocccus supinus provide fatty acids and Fe-S clusters to their Euplotes host as the foundation of a mutualistic symbiosis. The discovery of Ca. Organicella extenuata as possessing genetic code 4 illustrates that in addition to identifying endosymbionts by sequencing known symbiotic ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Antarctic Organic Lake ENVELOPE(78.190,78.190,-68.457,-68.457) Frontiers in Microbiology 12 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Antarctic microbiology Bacterial endosymbionts metagenome extreme genome reduction genetic code 4 Microbiology QR1-502 |
spellingShingle |
Antarctic microbiology Bacterial endosymbionts metagenome extreme genome reduction genetic code 4 Microbiology QR1-502 Timothy J. Williams Michelle A. Allen Natalia Ivanova Marcel Huntemann Sabrina Haque Alyce M. Hancock Sarah Brazendale Ricardo Cavicchioli Genome Analysis of a Verrucomicrobial Endosymbiont With a Tiny Genome Discovered in an Antarctic Lake |
topic_facet |
Antarctic microbiology Bacterial endosymbionts metagenome extreme genome reduction genetic code 4 Microbiology QR1-502 |
description |
Organic Lake in Antarctica is a marine-derived, cold (−13∘C), stratified (oxic-anoxic), hypersaline (>200 gl–1) system with unusual chemistry (very high levels of dimethylsulfide) that supports the growth of phylogenetically and metabolically diverse microorganisms. Symbionts are not well characterized in Antarctica. However, unicellular eukaryotes are often present in Antarctic lakes and theoretically could harbor endosymbionts. Here, we describe Candidatus Organicella extenuata, a member of the Verrucomicrobia with a highly reduced genome, recovered as a metagenome-assembled genome with genetic code 4 (UGA-to-Trp recoding) from Organic Lake. It is closely related to Candidatus Pinguicocccus supinus (163,218 bp, 205 genes), a newly described cytoplasmic endosymbiont of the freshwater ciliate Euplotes vanleeuwenhoeki (Serra et al., 2020). At 158,228 bp (encoding 194 genes), the genome of Ca. Organicella extenuata is among the smallest known bacterial genomes and similar to the genome of Ca. Pinguicoccus supinus (163,218 bp, 205 genes). Ca. Organicella extenuata retains a capacity for replication, transcription, translation, and protein-folding while lacking any capacity for the biosynthesis of amino acids or vitamins. Notably, the endosymbiont retains a capacity for fatty acid synthesis (type II) and iron–sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly. Metagenomic analysis of 150 new metagenomes from Organic Lake and more than 70 other Antarctic aquatic locations revealed a strong correlation in abundance between Ca. Organicella extenuata and a novel ciliate of the genus Euplotes. Like Ca. Pinguicoccus supinus, we infer that Ca. Organicella extenuata is an endosymbiont of Euplotes and hypothesize that both Ca. Organicella extenuata and Ca. Pinguicocccus supinus provide fatty acids and Fe-S clusters to their Euplotes host as the foundation of a mutualistic symbiosis. The discovery of Ca. Organicella extenuata as possessing genetic code 4 illustrates that in addition to identifying endosymbionts by sequencing known symbiotic ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Timothy J. Williams Michelle A. Allen Natalia Ivanova Marcel Huntemann Sabrina Haque Alyce M. Hancock Sarah Brazendale Ricardo Cavicchioli |
author_facet |
Timothy J. Williams Michelle A. Allen Natalia Ivanova Marcel Huntemann Sabrina Haque Alyce M. Hancock Sarah Brazendale Ricardo Cavicchioli |
author_sort |
Timothy J. Williams |
title |
Genome Analysis of a Verrucomicrobial Endosymbiont With a Tiny Genome Discovered in an Antarctic Lake |
title_short |
Genome Analysis of a Verrucomicrobial Endosymbiont With a Tiny Genome Discovered in an Antarctic Lake |
title_full |
Genome Analysis of a Verrucomicrobial Endosymbiont With a Tiny Genome Discovered in an Antarctic Lake |
title_fullStr |
Genome Analysis of a Verrucomicrobial Endosymbiont With a Tiny Genome Discovered in an Antarctic Lake |
title_full_unstemmed |
Genome Analysis of a Verrucomicrobial Endosymbiont With a Tiny Genome Discovered in an Antarctic Lake |
title_sort |
genome analysis of a verrucomicrobial endosymbiont with a tiny genome discovered in an antarctic lake |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.674758 https://doaj.org/article/78eefa6cd80049f8924c38e91bce8a6e |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(78.190,78.190,-68.457,-68.457) |
geographic |
Antarctic Organic Lake |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Organic Lake |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica |
op_source |
Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol 12 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.674758/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X 1664-302X doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.674758 https://doaj.org/article/78eefa6cd80049f8924c38e91bce8a6e |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.674758 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Microbiology |
container_volume |
12 |
_version_ |
1766277399959306240 |