Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH
The ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum has a worldwide distribution and produces highly potent lytic toxins (karlotoxins) that have been associated with massive fish kill events in coastal environments. The capacity of K. veneficum to gain energy from photosynthesis as well as phagotr...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:7770efc26f8544938a749c440a0bf5fe 2023-05-15T17:50:42+02:00 Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH Marius N. Müller Juan José Dorantes-Aranda Andreas Seger Marina T. Botana Frederico P. Brandini Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff 2019-02-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00082 https://doaj.org/article/7770efc26f8544938a749c440a0bf5fe EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00082/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00082 https://doaj.org/article/7770efc26f8544938a749c440a0bf5fe Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 6 (2019) Harmful dinoflagellate ocean acidification seawater carbonate chemistry toxin production Karlodinium veneficum ichthyotoxicity Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 article 2019 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00082 2022-12-31T11:43:38Z The ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum has a worldwide distribution and produces highly potent lytic toxins (karlotoxins) that have been associated with massive fish kill events in coastal environments. The capacity of K. veneficum to gain energy from photosynthesis as well as phagotrophy enables cellular maintenance, growth and dispersal under a broad range of environmental conditions. Coastal ecosystems are highly dynamic in light of the prevailing physicochemical conditions, such as seawater carbonate speciation (CO2, HCO3−, and CO32−) and pH. Here, we monitored the growth rate and ichthyotoxicity of K. veneficum in response to a seawater pH gradient. K. veneficum exhibited a significant linear reduction in growth rate with elevated seawater acidity [pH(totalscale) from 8.05 to 7.50]. Ichthyotoxicity was assessed by exposing fish gill cells to K. veneficum extracts and subsequent quantification of gill cell viability via resorufin fluorescence. Extracts of K. veneficum indicated increased toxicity when derived from elevated pH treatments. The variation in growth rate and toxin production per cell in regard to seawater pH implies that (1) future alteration of seawater carbonate speciation, due to anthropogenic ocean acidification, may negatively influence physiological performance and ecosystem interactions of K. veneficum and (2) elevated seawater pH values (>8.0) represent favorable conditions for K. veneficum growth and toxicity. This suggests that prey of K. veneficum may be exposed to increased karlotoxin concentrations at conditions when nutrients are scarce and seawater pH has been elevated due to high photosynthetic activity from prior autotrophic phytoplankton blooms. Article in Journal/Newspaper Ocean acidification Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Frontiers in Marine Science 6 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Harmful dinoflagellate ocean acidification seawater carbonate chemistry toxin production Karlodinium veneficum ichthyotoxicity Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
spellingShingle |
Harmful dinoflagellate ocean acidification seawater carbonate chemistry toxin production Karlodinium veneficum ichthyotoxicity Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Marius N. Müller Juan José Dorantes-Aranda Andreas Seger Marina T. Botana Frederico P. Brandini Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH |
topic_facet |
Harmful dinoflagellate ocean acidification seawater carbonate chemistry toxin production Karlodinium veneficum ichthyotoxicity Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
description |
The ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum has a worldwide distribution and produces highly potent lytic toxins (karlotoxins) that have been associated with massive fish kill events in coastal environments. The capacity of K. veneficum to gain energy from photosynthesis as well as phagotrophy enables cellular maintenance, growth and dispersal under a broad range of environmental conditions. Coastal ecosystems are highly dynamic in light of the prevailing physicochemical conditions, such as seawater carbonate speciation (CO2, HCO3−, and CO32−) and pH. Here, we monitored the growth rate and ichthyotoxicity of K. veneficum in response to a seawater pH gradient. K. veneficum exhibited a significant linear reduction in growth rate with elevated seawater acidity [pH(totalscale) from 8.05 to 7.50]. Ichthyotoxicity was assessed by exposing fish gill cells to K. veneficum extracts and subsequent quantification of gill cell viability via resorufin fluorescence. Extracts of K. veneficum indicated increased toxicity when derived from elevated pH treatments. The variation in growth rate and toxin production per cell in regard to seawater pH implies that (1) future alteration of seawater carbonate speciation, due to anthropogenic ocean acidification, may negatively influence physiological performance and ecosystem interactions of K. veneficum and (2) elevated seawater pH values (>8.0) represent favorable conditions for K. veneficum growth and toxicity. This suggests that prey of K. veneficum may be exposed to increased karlotoxin concentrations at conditions when nutrients are scarce and seawater pH has been elevated due to high photosynthetic activity from prior autotrophic phytoplankton blooms. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Marius N. Müller Juan José Dorantes-Aranda Andreas Seger Marina T. Botana Frederico P. Brandini Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff |
author_facet |
Marius N. Müller Juan José Dorantes-Aranda Andreas Seger Marina T. Botana Frederico P. Brandini Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff |
author_sort |
Marius N. Müller |
title |
Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH |
title_short |
Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH |
title_full |
Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH |
title_fullStr |
Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH |
title_sort |
ichthyotoxicity of the dinoflagellate karlodinium veneficum in response to changes in seawater ph |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00082 https://doaj.org/article/7770efc26f8544938a749c440a0bf5fe |
genre |
Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Ocean acidification |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 6 (2019) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00082/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00082 https://doaj.org/article/7770efc26f8544938a749c440a0bf5fe |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00082 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
6 |
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1766157583994847232 |