Pelagic Iron Recycling in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Contribution of Marine Animals
The availability of iron controls primary productivity in large areas of the Southern Ocean. Iron is largely supplied via atmospheric dust deposition, melting ice, the weathering of shelf sediments, upwelling, sediment resuspension, mixing (deep water, biogenic, and vertical mixing) and hydrothermal...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00109 https://doaj.org/article/7324e062fc22446490e774a6669d2fc9 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:7324e062fc22446490e774a6669d2fc9 2023-05-15T18:24:02+02:00 Pelagic Iron Recycling in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Contribution of Marine Animals Lavenia Ratnarajah Steve Nicol Andrew R. Bowie 2018-03-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00109 https://doaj.org/article/7324e062fc22446490e774a6669d2fc9 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2018.00109/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00109 https://doaj.org/article/7324e062fc22446490e774a6669d2fc9 Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 5 (2018) biological carbon pump iron carbon Southern Ocean biological recycling Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 article 2018 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00109 2022-12-31T00:57:34Z The availability of iron controls primary productivity in large areas of the Southern Ocean. Iron is largely supplied via atmospheric dust deposition, melting ice, the weathering of shelf sediments, upwelling, sediment resuspension, mixing (deep water, biogenic, and vertical mixing) and hydrothermal vents with varying degrees of temporal and spatial importance. However, large areas of the Southern Ocean are remote from these sources, leading to regions of low primary productivity. Recent studies suggest that recycling of iron by animals in the surface layer could enhance primary productivity in the Southern Ocean. The aim of this review is to provide a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the current literature on pelagic iron recycling by marine animals in the Southern Ocean and highlight the next steps forward in quantifying the retention and recycling of iron by higher trophic levels in the Southern Ocean. Phytoplankton utilize the iron in seawater to meet their metabolic demand. Through grazing, pelagic herbivores transfer the iron in phytoplankton cells into their body tissues and organs. Herbivores can recycle iron through inefficient feeding behavior that release iron into the water before ingestion, and through the release of fecal pellets. The iron stored within herbivores is transferred to higher trophic levels when they are consumed. When predators consume iron beyond their metabolic demand it is either excreted or defecated. Waste products from pelagic vertebrates can thus contain high concentrations of iron which may be in a form that is available to phytoplankton. Bioavailability of fecal iron for phytoplankton growth is influenced by a combination of the size of the fecal particle, presence of organic ligands, the oxidation state of the iron, as well as biological (e.g., remineralization, coprochaly, coprorhexy, and coprophagy) and physical (e.g., dissolution, fragmentation) processes that lead to the degradation and release of fecal iron. The flux of dissolved iron from pelagic recycling is ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Southern Ocean Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Southern Ocean Frontiers in Marine Science 5 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
biological carbon pump iron carbon Southern Ocean biological recycling Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
spellingShingle |
biological carbon pump iron carbon Southern Ocean biological recycling Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Lavenia Ratnarajah Steve Nicol Andrew R. Bowie Pelagic Iron Recycling in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Contribution of Marine Animals |
topic_facet |
biological carbon pump iron carbon Southern Ocean biological recycling Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
description |
The availability of iron controls primary productivity in large areas of the Southern Ocean. Iron is largely supplied via atmospheric dust deposition, melting ice, the weathering of shelf sediments, upwelling, sediment resuspension, mixing (deep water, biogenic, and vertical mixing) and hydrothermal vents with varying degrees of temporal and spatial importance. However, large areas of the Southern Ocean are remote from these sources, leading to regions of low primary productivity. Recent studies suggest that recycling of iron by animals in the surface layer could enhance primary productivity in the Southern Ocean. The aim of this review is to provide a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the current literature on pelagic iron recycling by marine animals in the Southern Ocean and highlight the next steps forward in quantifying the retention and recycling of iron by higher trophic levels in the Southern Ocean. Phytoplankton utilize the iron in seawater to meet their metabolic demand. Through grazing, pelagic herbivores transfer the iron in phytoplankton cells into their body tissues and organs. Herbivores can recycle iron through inefficient feeding behavior that release iron into the water before ingestion, and through the release of fecal pellets. The iron stored within herbivores is transferred to higher trophic levels when they are consumed. When predators consume iron beyond their metabolic demand it is either excreted or defecated. Waste products from pelagic vertebrates can thus contain high concentrations of iron which may be in a form that is available to phytoplankton. Bioavailability of fecal iron for phytoplankton growth is influenced by a combination of the size of the fecal particle, presence of organic ligands, the oxidation state of the iron, as well as biological (e.g., remineralization, coprochaly, coprorhexy, and coprophagy) and physical (e.g., dissolution, fragmentation) processes that lead to the degradation and release of fecal iron. The flux of dissolved iron from pelagic recycling is ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Lavenia Ratnarajah Steve Nicol Andrew R. Bowie |
author_facet |
Lavenia Ratnarajah Steve Nicol Andrew R. Bowie |
author_sort |
Lavenia Ratnarajah |
title |
Pelagic Iron Recycling in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Contribution of Marine Animals |
title_short |
Pelagic Iron Recycling in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Contribution of Marine Animals |
title_full |
Pelagic Iron Recycling in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Contribution of Marine Animals |
title_fullStr |
Pelagic Iron Recycling in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Contribution of Marine Animals |
title_full_unstemmed |
Pelagic Iron Recycling in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Contribution of Marine Animals |
title_sort |
pelagic iron recycling in the southern ocean: exploring the contribution of marine animals |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00109 https://doaj.org/article/7324e062fc22446490e774a6669d2fc9 |
geographic |
Southern Ocean |
geographic_facet |
Southern Ocean |
genre |
Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Southern Ocean |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 5 (2018) |
op_relation |
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2018.00109/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00109 https://doaj.org/article/7324e062fc22446490e774a6669d2fc9 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00109 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
5 |
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1766204299807817728 |