Coupling the U.K. Earth System Model to Dynamic Models of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets

Abstract The physical interactions between ice sheets and the atmosphere and ocean around them are major factors in determining the state of the climate system, yet many current Earth System models omit them entirely or treat them very simply. In this work we describe how models of the Greenland and...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
Main Authors: Robin S. Smith, Pierre Mathiot, Antony Siahaan, Victoria Lee, Stephen L. Cornford, Jonathan M. Gregory, Antony J. Payne, Adrian Jenkins, Paul R. Holland, Jeff K. Ridley, Colin G. Jones
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2021
Subjects:
ESM
ISM
climate
ice
sea‐level
modeling
Physical geography
GB3-5030
Oceanography
GC1-1581
Antarctic
Greenland
Antarc*
Ice Sheet
Ice Shelf
Iceberg*
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002520
https://doaj.org/article/72900733cf6149119ecdae974a426c43
Description
Summary:Abstract The physical interactions between ice sheets and the atmosphere and ocean around them are major factors in determining the state of the climate system, yet many current Earth System models omit them entirely or treat them very simply. In this work we describe how models of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have been incorporated into the global U.K. Earth System model (UKESM1) via substantial technical developments with a two‐way coupling that passes fluxes of energy and water, and the topography of the ice sheet surface and ice shelf base, between the component models. File‐based coupling outside the running model executables is used throughout to pass information between the components, which we show is both physically appropriate and convenient within the UKESM1 structure. Ice sheet surface mass balance is computed in the land surface model using multi‐layer snowpacks in subgrid‐scale elevation ranges and compares well to the results of regional climate models. Ice shelf front discharge forms icebergs, which drift and melt in the ocean. Ice shelf basal mass balance is simulated using the full three‐dimensional ocean model representation of the circulation in ice‐shelf cavities. We show a range of example results, including from simulations with changes in ice sheet height and thickness of hundreds of meters, and changes in ice sheet grounding line and land‐terminating margin of many tens of kilometres, demonstrating that the coupled model is computationally stable when subject to significant changes in ice sheet geometry.

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