Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects
Focusing on tetramine, tetramethylammonium ion, contained in the salivary glands of marine carnivorous snails, this paper gives an overview of analytical methods, distribution in marine snails, and toxicological aspects. Some Neptunea snails have often caused food poisoning in North Atlantic and Nor...
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MDPI AG
2021
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010006 https://doaj.org/article/6eac4f4ccd904096a5d06753a9a3e5d0 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:6eac4f4ccd904096a5d06753a9a3e5d0 2023-05-15T17:35:53+02:00 Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects Kazuo Shiomi 2021-12-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010006 https://doaj.org/article/6eac4f4ccd904096a5d06753a9a3e5d0 EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/1/6 https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1312 doi:10.3390/jmse10010006 2077-1312 https://doaj.org/article/6eac4f4ccd904096a5d06753a9a3e5d0 Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 6 (2021) marine snail Neptunea salivary gland tetramine toxin Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010006 2022-12-30T20:33:55Z Focusing on tetramine, tetramethylammonium ion, contained in the salivary glands of marine carnivorous snails, this paper gives an overview of analytical methods, distribution in marine snails, and toxicological aspects. Some Neptunea snails have often caused food poisoning in North Atlantic and Northeast Asia regions, especially in Japan. The toxin of both N. arthritica and N. antiqua was first proven to be tetramine in 1960. Subsequent research on marine snail tetramine has progressed with the development of analytical methods. Of the various methods developed, the LC/ESI-MS method is most recommended for tetramine analysis in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and versatility. Accumulated data show that tetramine is ubiquitously contained at high concentrations (usually several mg/g) in the salivary glands of Neptunea snails. Tetramine is also found in the muscle and viscera of Neptunea snails and even in the salivary gland of marine snails other than Neptunea species, although mostly at low levels (below 0.1 mg/g). Interestingly, the major toxin in the salivary glands of Fusitriton oregonensis and Hemifusus tuba is distinguishable from tetramine. In tetramine poisoning, diverse symptoms attributable to the ganglion-blocking action of tetramine, such as visual disturbance, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea, develop within 30 min after ingestion of snails because of rapid absorption of tetramine from the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms are generally mild and subside in a short time (within 24 at most) because of rapid excretion through the kidney. However, it should be kept in mind that tetramine poisoning can be severe in patients with kidney dysfunction, as shown by two recent case reports. Finally, given the diffusion of tetramine from the salivary gland to the muscle during boiling and thawing of snails, removal of salivary glands from live snails is essential to avoid tetramine poisoning. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10 1 6 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
marine snail Neptunea salivary gland tetramine toxin Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 |
spellingShingle |
marine snail Neptunea salivary gland tetramine toxin Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 Kazuo Shiomi Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects |
topic_facet |
marine snail Neptunea salivary gland tetramine toxin Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 |
description |
Focusing on tetramine, tetramethylammonium ion, contained in the salivary glands of marine carnivorous snails, this paper gives an overview of analytical methods, distribution in marine snails, and toxicological aspects. Some Neptunea snails have often caused food poisoning in North Atlantic and Northeast Asia regions, especially in Japan. The toxin of both N. arthritica and N. antiqua was first proven to be tetramine in 1960. Subsequent research on marine snail tetramine has progressed with the development of analytical methods. Of the various methods developed, the LC/ESI-MS method is most recommended for tetramine analysis in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and versatility. Accumulated data show that tetramine is ubiquitously contained at high concentrations (usually several mg/g) in the salivary glands of Neptunea snails. Tetramine is also found in the muscle and viscera of Neptunea snails and even in the salivary gland of marine snails other than Neptunea species, although mostly at low levels (below 0.1 mg/g). Interestingly, the major toxin in the salivary glands of Fusitriton oregonensis and Hemifusus tuba is distinguishable from tetramine. In tetramine poisoning, diverse symptoms attributable to the ganglion-blocking action of tetramine, such as visual disturbance, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea, develop within 30 min after ingestion of snails because of rapid absorption of tetramine from the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms are generally mild and subside in a short time (within 24 at most) because of rapid excretion through the kidney. However, it should be kept in mind that tetramine poisoning can be severe in patients with kidney dysfunction, as shown by two recent case reports. Finally, given the diffusion of tetramine from the salivary gland to the muscle during boiling and thawing of snails, removal of salivary glands from live snails is essential to avoid tetramine poisoning. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Kazuo Shiomi |
author_facet |
Kazuo Shiomi |
author_sort |
Kazuo Shiomi |
title |
Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects |
title_short |
Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects |
title_full |
Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects |
title_fullStr |
Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects |
title_full_unstemmed |
Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects |
title_sort |
tetramine in the salivary glands of marine carnivorous snails: analysis, distribution, and toxicological aspects |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010006 https://doaj.org/article/6eac4f4ccd904096a5d06753a9a3e5d0 |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 6 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/1/6 https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1312 doi:10.3390/jmse10010006 2077-1312 https://doaj.org/article/6eac4f4ccd904096a5d06753a9a3e5d0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010006 |
container_title |
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
1 |
container_start_page |
6 |
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1766135171231252480 |