Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids
Abstract Greenland rainfall has come into focus as a climate change indicator and from a variety of emerging cryospheric impacts. This study first evaluates rainfall in five state‐of‐the‐art numerical prediction systems (NPSs) (CARRA, ERA5, NHM‐SMAP, RACMO, MAR) using in situ rainfall data from two...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2134 https://doaj.org/article/6e6a9449f0f44a43a921d783b25c9514 |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:6e6a9449f0f44a43a921d783b25c9514 2023-10-01T03:54:13+02:00 Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids Jason E. Box Kristian P. Nielsen Xiaohua Yang Masashi Niwano Adrien Wehrlé Dirk van As Xavier Fettweis Morten A. Ø. Køltzow Bolli Palmason Robert S. Fausto Michiel R. van den Broeke Baojuan Huai Andreas P. Ahlstrøm Kirsty Langley Armin Dachauer Brice Noël 2023-07-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2134 https://doaj.org/article/6e6a9449f0f44a43a921d783b25c9514 EN eng Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2134 https://doaj.org/toc/1350-4827 https://doaj.org/toc/1469-8080 1469-8080 1350-4827 doi:10.1002/met.2134 https://doaj.org/article/6e6a9449f0f44a43a921d783b25c9514 Meteorological Applications, Vol 30, Iss 4, Pp n/a-n/a (2023) CARRA extremes Greenland ice sheet rainfall Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 article 2023 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2134 2023-09-03T00:52:31Z Abstract Greenland rainfall has come into focus as a climate change indicator and from a variety of emerging cryospheric impacts. This study first evaluates rainfall in five state‐of‐the‐art numerical prediction systems (NPSs) (CARRA, ERA5, NHM‐SMAP, RACMO, MAR) using in situ rainfall data from two regions spanning from land onto the ice sheet. The new EU Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Arctic Regional ReAnalysis (CARRA), with a relatively fine (2.5 km) horizontal grid spacing and extensive within‐model‐domain observational initialization, has the lowest average bias and highest explained variance relative to the field data. ERA5 inland wet bias versus CARRA is consistent with the field data and other research and is presumably due to more ERA5 topographic smoothing. A CARRA climatology 1991–2021 has rainfall increasing by more than one‐third for the ice sheet and its peripheral ice masses. CARRA and in situ data illuminate extreme (above 300 mm per day) local rainfall episodes. A detailed examination CARRA data reveals the interplay of mass conservation that splits flow around southern Greenland and condensational buoyancy generation that maintains along‐flow updraft ‘rapids’ 2 km above sea level, which produce rain bands within an atmospheric river interacting with Greenland. CARRA resolves gravity wave oscillations that initiate as a result of buoyancy offshore, which then amplify from terrain‐forced uplift. In a detailed case study, CARRA resolves orographic intensification of rainfall by up to a factor of four, which is consistent with the field data. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Climate change Greenland Ice Sheet Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Greenland Meteorological Applications 30 4 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
CARRA extremes Greenland ice sheet rainfall Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 |
spellingShingle |
CARRA extremes Greenland ice sheet rainfall Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Jason E. Box Kristian P. Nielsen Xiaohua Yang Masashi Niwano Adrien Wehrlé Dirk van As Xavier Fettweis Morten A. Ø. Køltzow Bolli Palmason Robert S. Fausto Michiel R. van den Broeke Baojuan Huai Andreas P. Ahlstrøm Kirsty Langley Armin Dachauer Brice Noël Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids |
topic_facet |
CARRA extremes Greenland ice sheet rainfall Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 |
description |
Abstract Greenland rainfall has come into focus as a climate change indicator and from a variety of emerging cryospheric impacts. This study first evaluates rainfall in five state‐of‐the‐art numerical prediction systems (NPSs) (CARRA, ERA5, NHM‐SMAP, RACMO, MAR) using in situ rainfall data from two regions spanning from land onto the ice sheet. The new EU Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Arctic Regional ReAnalysis (CARRA), with a relatively fine (2.5 km) horizontal grid spacing and extensive within‐model‐domain observational initialization, has the lowest average bias and highest explained variance relative to the field data. ERA5 inland wet bias versus CARRA is consistent with the field data and other research and is presumably due to more ERA5 topographic smoothing. A CARRA climatology 1991–2021 has rainfall increasing by more than one‐third for the ice sheet and its peripheral ice masses. CARRA and in situ data illuminate extreme (above 300 mm per day) local rainfall episodes. A detailed examination CARRA data reveals the interplay of mass conservation that splits flow around southern Greenland and condensational buoyancy generation that maintains along‐flow updraft ‘rapids’ 2 km above sea level, which produce rain bands within an atmospheric river interacting with Greenland. CARRA resolves gravity wave oscillations that initiate as a result of buoyancy offshore, which then amplify from terrain‐forced uplift. In a detailed case study, CARRA resolves orographic intensification of rainfall by up to a factor of four, which is consistent with the field data. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Jason E. Box Kristian P. Nielsen Xiaohua Yang Masashi Niwano Adrien Wehrlé Dirk van As Xavier Fettweis Morten A. Ø. Køltzow Bolli Palmason Robert S. Fausto Michiel R. van den Broeke Baojuan Huai Andreas P. Ahlstrøm Kirsty Langley Armin Dachauer Brice Noël |
author_facet |
Jason E. Box Kristian P. Nielsen Xiaohua Yang Masashi Niwano Adrien Wehrlé Dirk van As Xavier Fettweis Morten A. Ø. Køltzow Bolli Palmason Robert S. Fausto Michiel R. van den Broeke Baojuan Huai Andreas P. Ahlstrøm Kirsty Langley Armin Dachauer Brice Noël |
author_sort |
Jason E. Box |
title |
Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids |
title_short |
Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids |
title_full |
Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids |
title_fullStr |
Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids |
title_full_unstemmed |
Greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids |
title_sort |
greenland ice sheet rainfall climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2134 https://doaj.org/article/6e6a9449f0f44a43a921d783b25c9514 |
geographic |
Arctic Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Greenland |
genre |
Arctic Climate change Greenland Ice Sheet |
genre_facet |
Arctic Climate change Greenland Ice Sheet |
op_source |
Meteorological Applications, Vol 30, Iss 4, Pp n/a-n/a (2023) |
op_relation |
https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2134 https://doaj.org/toc/1350-4827 https://doaj.org/toc/1469-8080 1469-8080 1350-4827 doi:10.1002/met.2134 https://doaj.org/article/6e6a9449f0f44a43a921d783b25c9514 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2134 |
container_title |
Meteorological Applications |
container_volume |
30 |
container_issue |
4 |
_version_ |
1778521630578835456 |