Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle
The present study aimed to assess the levels of 98 multi-class pharmaceuticals including cardiovascular drugs, antidepressants, hypnotics, antibiotics, and sulfonamides occurring in the muscle tissue of fish caught in the Baltic Sea. The following fish species were collected: perch ( Perca fluviatil...
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MDPI AG
2021
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 https://doaj.org/article/6d1e2647fbec4e3ea5ca3dd6d3e7044d |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:6d1e2647fbec4e3ea5ca3dd6d3e7044d 2024-01-14T10:06:59+01:00 Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak Agnieszka Stawarska Arkadiusz Szterk Karol Ofiara Małgorzata Czerwonka Joanna Giebułtowicz 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 https://doaj.org/article/6d1e2647fbec4e3ea5ca3dd6d3e7044d EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/5/1229 https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049 doi:10.3390/molecules26051229 1420-3049 https://doaj.org/article/6d1e2647fbec4e3ea5ca3dd6d3e7044d Molecules, Vol 26, Iss 5, p 1229 (2021) pharmaceuticals toxic elements oxysterol fish Organic chemistry QD241-441 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 2023-12-17T01:45:07Z The present study aimed to assess the levels of 98 multi-class pharmaceuticals including cardiovascular drugs, antidepressants, hypnotics, antibiotics, and sulfonamides occurring in the muscle tissue of fish caught in the Baltic Sea. The following fish species were collected: perch ( Perca fluviatilis ); flounder ( Platichthys flesus ); turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ); plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa ); cod ( Gadus morhua callarias ); bream ( Abramis brama ); crucian ( Carassius carassius ). Additionally, in the examined fish muscle the levels of heavy metals and trace elements were determined (As; Ag; Au; Ba; Cd; Co; Cr; Cu; Hg; Li; Mo; Ni; Pb; Sb; Se; Sn; Tl; V) as well as the levels of cholesterol and its 5 derivatives (7-ketocholesterol; 7α-hydroxycholesterol; 7β-hydroxycholesterol; 5β,6β-epoxy-cholesterol; 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol). In the performed studies 11 out of 98 examined pharmaceuticals were detected in fish muscle. The levels of pharmaceuticals in fish muscle varied depending on the species. In the tissues of bream and crucian, no pharmaceuticals were found. Mercury, lead and arsenic were detected in the muscles of all examined fish. Based on the hazard factor for Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni (target hazard quotient, THQ < 1), it was found that the consumption of the studied fish does not constitute a health risk. However, the THQ for As remained >1 indicated possible risk from those metals. In the examined fish muscle the total cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) level of oxysterols were, respectively: 6.90 (cod) μg/g–4.18 μg/g (perch), which corresponded to 0.7–1.5% of cholesterol. The main COPs evaluated were 7-ketocholesterol (0.78 ± 0.14–1.79 ± 0.06 μg/g), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (0.50 ± 0.04–3.20 ± 2.95 μg/g) and 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol (0.66 ± 0.03–1.53 ± 0.66 μg/g). The assessment of health hazards due to contaminations is necessary, which may help to introduce national legislation and global standards aimed at reducing or even eliminating the exposure to contaminants. Article in Journal/Newspaper Gadus morhua Scophthalmus maximus Turbot Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Brama ENVELOPE(-58.467,-58.467,-62.208,-62.208) Molecules 26 5 1229 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
pharmaceuticals toxic elements oxysterol fish Organic chemistry QD241-441 |
spellingShingle |
pharmaceuticals toxic elements oxysterol fish Organic chemistry QD241-441 Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak Agnieszka Stawarska Arkadiusz Szterk Karol Ofiara Małgorzata Czerwonka Joanna Giebułtowicz Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
topic_facet |
pharmaceuticals toxic elements oxysterol fish Organic chemistry QD241-441 |
description |
The present study aimed to assess the levels of 98 multi-class pharmaceuticals including cardiovascular drugs, antidepressants, hypnotics, antibiotics, and sulfonamides occurring in the muscle tissue of fish caught in the Baltic Sea. The following fish species were collected: perch ( Perca fluviatilis ); flounder ( Platichthys flesus ); turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ); plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa ); cod ( Gadus morhua callarias ); bream ( Abramis brama ); crucian ( Carassius carassius ). Additionally, in the examined fish muscle the levels of heavy metals and trace elements were determined (As; Ag; Au; Ba; Cd; Co; Cr; Cu; Hg; Li; Mo; Ni; Pb; Sb; Se; Sn; Tl; V) as well as the levels of cholesterol and its 5 derivatives (7-ketocholesterol; 7α-hydroxycholesterol; 7β-hydroxycholesterol; 5β,6β-epoxy-cholesterol; 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol). In the performed studies 11 out of 98 examined pharmaceuticals were detected in fish muscle. The levels of pharmaceuticals in fish muscle varied depending on the species. In the tissues of bream and crucian, no pharmaceuticals were found. Mercury, lead and arsenic were detected in the muscles of all examined fish. Based on the hazard factor for Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni (target hazard quotient, THQ < 1), it was found that the consumption of the studied fish does not constitute a health risk. However, the THQ for As remained >1 indicated possible risk from those metals. In the examined fish muscle the total cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) level of oxysterols were, respectively: 6.90 (cod) μg/g–4.18 μg/g (perch), which corresponded to 0.7–1.5% of cholesterol. The main COPs evaluated were 7-ketocholesterol (0.78 ± 0.14–1.79 ± 0.06 μg/g), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (0.50 ± 0.04–3.20 ± 2.95 μg/g) and 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol (0.66 ± 0.03–1.53 ± 0.66 μg/g). The assessment of health hazards due to contaminations is necessary, which may help to introduce national legislation and global standards aimed at reducing or even eliminating the exposure to contaminants. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak Agnieszka Stawarska Arkadiusz Szterk Karol Ofiara Małgorzata Czerwonka Joanna Giebułtowicz |
author_facet |
Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak Agnieszka Stawarska Arkadiusz Szterk Karol Ofiara Małgorzata Czerwonka Joanna Giebułtowicz |
author_sort |
Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak |
title |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_short |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_full |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_fullStr |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_full_unstemmed |
Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Heavy Metals, and Oxysterols in Fish Muscle |
title_sort |
determination of pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and oxysterols in fish muscle |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 https://doaj.org/article/6d1e2647fbec4e3ea5ca3dd6d3e7044d |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-58.467,-58.467,-62.208,-62.208) |
geographic |
Brama |
geographic_facet |
Brama |
genre |
Gadus morhua Scophthalmus maximus Turbot |
genre_facet |
Gadus morhua Scophthalmus maximus Turbot |
op_source |
Molecules, Vol 26, Iss 5, p 1229 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/5/1229 https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049 doi:10.3390/molecules26051229 1420-3049 https://doaj.org/article/6d1e2647fbec4e3ea5ca3dd6d3e7044d |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051229 |
container_title |
Molecules |
container_volume |
26 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
1229 |
_version_ |
1788061395168788480 |