Quantifying Impacts of Mean Annual Lake Bottom Temperature on Talik Development and Permafrost Degradation below Expanding Thermokarst Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Variations in thermokarst lake area, lake water depth, lake age, air temperature, permafrost condition, and other environmental variables could have important influences on the mean annual lake bottom temperature (MALBT) and thus affect the ground thermal regime and talik development beneath the lak...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:6adfb572dcb24b1ebf29af3dc68e6c2e 2023-05-15T17:57:11+02:00 Quantifying Impacts of Mean Annual Lake Bottom Temperature on Talik Development and Permafrost Degradation below Expanding Thermokarst Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Feng Ling Feifei Pan 2019-04-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040706 https://doaj.org/article/6adfb572dcb24b1ebf29af3dc68e6c2e EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/4/706 https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441 2073-4441 doi:10.3390/w11040706 https://doaj.org/article/6adfb572dcb24b1ebf29af3dc68e6c2e Water, Vol 11, Iss 4, p 706 (2019) mean annual lake bottom temperature (MALBT) open talik permafrost degradation numerical simulation Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 article 2019 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040706 2022-12-30T22:09:23Z Variations in thermokarst lake area, lake water depth, lake age, air temperature, permafrost condition, and other environmental variables could have important influences on the mean annual lake bottom temperature (MALBT) and thus affect the ground thermal regime and talik development beneath the lakes through their direct impacts on the MALBT. A lake expanding model was employed for examining the impacts of variations in the MALBT on talik development and permafrost degradation beneath expanding thermokarst lakes in the Beiluhe Basin on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). All required boundary and initial conditions and model parameters were determined based on field measurements. Four simulation cases were conducted with different respective fitting sinusoidal functions of the MALBTs at 3.75 °C, 4.5 °C, 5.25 °C, and 6.0 °C. The simulated results show that for lakes with MALBTs of 3.75 °C, 4.5 °C, 5.25 °C, and 6.0 °C, the maximum thicknesses of bowl-shaped talik below the lakes at year 300 were 27.2 m, 29.6 m, 32.0 m, and 34.4 m; funnel-shaped open taliks formed beneath the lakes at years 451, 411, 382, and 356 after the formation of thermokarst lakes, with mean downward thaw rates of 9.1 m/year, 10.2 m/year, 11.2 m/year, and 12.0 m/year, respectively. Increases in the MALBT from 3.75 °C to 4.52 °C, 4.25 °C to 5.25 °C, and 5.25 °C to 6.0 °C respectively resulted in the permafrost with a horizontal distance to lake centerline less than or equal to 45 m thawing completely 36 years, 32 years, and 24 years in advance, and the maximum ground temperature increases at a depth of 40 m below the lakes at year 600 ranged from 2.16 °C to 2.80 °C, 3.57 °C, and 4.09 °C, depending on the MALBT. The ground temperature increases of more than 0.5 °C at a depth of 40 m in year 600 occurred as far as 74.9 m, 87.2 m, 97.8 m, and 106.6 m from the lake centerlines. The simulation results also show that changes in the MALBT almost have no impact on the open talik lateral progress rate, although the minimum distances from the open talik ... Article in Journal/Newspaper permafrost Thermokarst Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Talik ENVELOPE(146.601,146.601,59.667,59.667) Water 11 4 706 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
mean annual lake bottom temperature (MALBT) open talik permafrost degradation numerical simulation Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 |
spellingShingle |
mean annual lake bottom temperature (MALBT) open talik permafrost degradation numerical simulation Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Feng Ling Feifei Pan Quantifying Impacts of Mean Annual Lake Bottom Temperature on Talik Development and Permafrost Degradation below Expanding Thermokarst Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau |
topic_facet |
mean annual lake bottom temperature (MALBT) open talik permafrost degradation numerical simulation Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 |
description |
Variations in thermokarst lake area, lake water depth, lake age, air temperature, permafrost condition, and other environmental variables could have important influences on the mean annual lake bottom temperature (MALBT) and thus affect the ground thermal regime and talik development beneath the lakes through their direct impacts on the MALBT. A lake expanding model was employed for examining the impacts of variations in the MALBT on talik development and permafrost degradation beneath expanding thermokarst lakes in the Beiluhe Basin on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). All required boundary and initial conditions and model parameters were determined based on field measurements. Four simulation cases were conducted with different respective fitting sinusoidal functions of the MALBTs at 3.75 °C, 4.5 °C, 5.25 °C, and 6.0 °C. The simulated results show that for lakes with MALBTs of 3.75 °C, 4.5 °C, 5.25 °C, and 6.0 °C, the maximum thicknesses of bowl-shaped talik below the lakes at year 300 were 27.2 m, 29.6 m, 32.0 m, and 34.4 m; funnel-shaped open taliks formed beneath the lakes at years 451, 411, 382, and 356 after the formation of thermokarst lakes, with mean downward thaw rates of 9.1 m/year, 10.2 m/year, 11.2 m/year, and 12.0 m/year, respectively. Increases in the MALBT from 3.75 °C to 4.52 °C, 4.25 °C to 5.25 °C, and 5.25 °C to 6.0 °C respectively resulted in the permafrost with a horizontal distance to lake centerline less than or equal to 45 m thawing completely 36 years, 32 years, and 24 years in advance, and the maximum ground temperature increases at a depth of 40 m below the lakes at year 600 ranged from 2.16 °C to 2.80 °C, 3.57 °C, and 4.09 °C, depending on the MALBT. The ground temperature increases of more than 0.5 °C at a depth of 40 m in year 600 occurred as far as 74.9 m, 87.2 m, 97.8 m, and 106.6 m from the lake centerlines. The simulation results also show that changes in the MALBT almost have no impact on the open talik lateral progress rate, although the minimum distances from the open talik ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Feng Ling Feifei Pan |
author_facet |
Feng Ling Feifei Pan |
author_sort |
Feng Ling |
title |
Quantifying Impacts of Mean Annual Lake Bottom Temperature on Talik Development and Permafrost Degradation below Expanding Thermokarst Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau |
title_short |
Quantifying Impacts of Mean Annual Lake Bottom Temperature on Talik Development and Permafrost Degradation below Expanding Thermokarst Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau |
title_full |
Quantifying Impacts of Mean Annual Lake Bottom Temperature on Talik Development and Permafrost Degradation below Expanding Thermokarst Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau |
title_fullStr |
Quantifying Impacts of Mean Annual Lake Bottom Temperature on Talik Development and Permafrost Degradation below Expanding Thermokarst Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau |
title_full_unstemmed |
Quantifying Impacts of Mean Annual Lake Bottom Temperature on Talik Development and Permafrost Degradation below Expanding Thermokarst Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau |
title_sort |
quantifying impacts of mean annual lake bottom temperature on talik development and permafrost degradation below expanding thermokarst lakes on the qinghai–tibet plateau |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040706 https://doaj.org/article/6adfb572dcb24b1ebf29af3dc68e6c2e |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(146.601,146.601,59.667,59.667) |
geographic |
Talik |
geographic_facet |
Talik |
genre |
permafrost Thermokarst |
genre_facet |
permafrost Thermokarst |
op_source |
Water, Vol 11, Iss 4, p 706 (2019) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/4/706 https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441 2073-4441 doi:10.3390/w11040706 https://doaj.org/article/6adfb572dcb24b1ebf29af3dc68e6c2e |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040706 |
container_title |
Water |
container_volume |
11 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
706 |
_version_ |
1766165561085001728 |