Temporal activity shift in arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in response to human disturbance

• Published in: Global Ecology and Conservation
• Main Authors: Malin Larm, Karin Norén, Anders Angerbjörn
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2021
• Subjects: Wildlife tourism; Human-wildlife interactions; Recreation; Human disturbance; Mutual relationship; Arctic fox; Ecology; QH540-549.5; Arctic; Arctic Fox; Vulpes lagopus
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01602; https://doaj.org/article/660caefea5864464b349d8cceab5d11a

The rapidly growing interest for nature-based recreational activities threaten biodiversity values and increases the disturbance caused to wildlife. Several studies have demonstrated spatial and temporal activity shifts of animals in response to human disturbance. However, most studies investigate effects on how animals use an area of high tourism disturbance, such as a tourist resort or hiking trail, and not the effects of human disturbance at a key site for the animal, such as a denning or breeding site. In this study, we use photos from remote camera monitoring of arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) dens with the aim to investigate the effects of various levels of tourism disturbance on the diurnal activity pattern and vigilance of breeding adult arctic foxes at the den site. We find a temporal shift towards a higher daytime activity at the den in response to high intensity tourism (71 ± 3.9% in disturbed areas compared with 53 ± 6.2% in undisturbed areas), which stands in contrast to an increased nocturnality seen in studies of many other species, including another study of arctic foxes. We suggest that the difference could be explained by the higher cost of avoiding a key site for the animal, as in this study, compared with avoiding a more general human disturbance in an area within the distribution range of the animal, as in most other studies. Increased time spent avoiding the perceived threat of humans could compromise other important activities and have potential negative effects on e.g. hunting or provisioning for the juveniles. Human disturbance focused at a key site, such as a denning or breeding site, can thereby be expected to have larger consequences than what is observed in most studies of disturbance effects on wildlife. Based on observations of both tourists and arctic foxes during close encounters in an area of high intensity tourism, we also find that they both respond behaviorally to each other. The potential for positive or negative feedback mechanisms in such relationships between tourists and ...