Characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean
The seasonal variability of surface layer salinity (SLS), evaporation ( E ), precipitation ( P ), E-P , advection and vertical entrainment over the global ocean is examined using in situ salinity data, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Climate System Forecast Reanalysis and a...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:6264cbdd41d24fb8b8ae799afeeff53d 2023-05-15T17:36:53+02:00 Characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean F. M. Bingham G. R. Foltz M. J. McPhaden 2012-10-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-915-2012 https://doaj.org/article/6264cbdd41d24fb8b8ae799afeeff53d EN eng Copernicus Publications http://www.ocean-sci.net/8/915/2012/os-8-915-2012.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1812-0784 https://doaj.org/toc/1812-0792 doi:10.5194/os-8-915-2012 1812-0784 1812-0792 https://doaj.org/article/6264cbdd41d24fb8b8ae799afeeff53d Ocean Science, Vol 8, Iss 5, Pp 915-929 (2012) Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Environmental sciences GE1-350 article 2012 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-915-2012 2022-12-31T01:12:56Z The seasonal variability of surface layer salinity (SLS), evaporation ( E ), precipitation ( P ), E-P , advection and vertical entrainment over the global ocean is examined using in situ salinity data, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Climate System Forecast Reanalysis and a number of other ancillary data. Seasonal amplitudes and phases are calculated using harmonic analysis and presented in all areas of the open ocean between 60° S and 60° N. Areas with large amplitude SLS seasonal variations include: the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans; western marginal seas of the Pacific; and the Arabian Sea. The median amplitude in areas that have statistically significant seasonal cycles of SLS is 0.19. Between about 60° S and 60° N, 37% of the ocean surface has a statistically significant seasonal cycle of SLS and 75% has a seasonal cycle of E-P . Phases of SLS have a bimodal distribution, with most areas in the Northern Hemisphere peaking in SLS in March/April and in the Southern Hemisphere in September/October. The seasonal cycle is also estimated for surface freshwater forcing using a mixed-layer depth climatology. With the exception of areas near the western boundaries of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, seasonal variability is dominated by precipitation. Surface freshwater forcing also has a bimodal distribution, with peaks in January and July, 1–2 months before the peaks of SLS. Seasonal amplitudes and phases calculated for horizontal advection show it to be important in the tropical oceans. Vertical entrainment, estimated from mixed-layer heaving, is largest in mid and high latitudes, with a seasonal cycle that peaks in late winter. The amplitudes and phases of SLS and surface fluxes compare well in a qualitative sense, suggesting that much of the variability in SLS is due to E-P . However, the amplitudes of SLS are somewhat different than would be expected and the peak of SLS comes typically about one month earlier than expected. The ... Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Pacific Indian Ocean Science 8 5 915 929 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
spellingShingle |
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Environmental sciences GE1-350 F. M. Bingham G. R. Foltz M. J. McPhaden Characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean |
topic_facet |
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
description |
The seasonal variability of surface layer salinity (SLS), evaporation ( E ), precipitation ( P ), E-P , advection and vertical entrainment over the global ocean is examined using in situ salinity data, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Climate System Forecast Reanalysis and a number of other ancillary data. Seasonal amplitudes and phases are calculated using harmonic analysis and presented in all areas of the open ocean between 60° S and 60° N. Areas with large amplitude SLS seasonal variations include: the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans; western marginal seas of the Pacific; and the Arabian Sea. The median amplitude in areas that have statistically significant seasonal cycles of SLS is 0.19. Between about 60° S and 60° N, 37% of the ocean surface has a statistically significant seasonal cycle of SLS and 75% has a seasonal cycle of E-P . Phases of SLS have a bimodal distribution, with most areas in the Northern Hemisphere peaking in SLS in March/April and in the Southern Hemisphere in September/October. The seasonal cycle is also estimated for surface freshwater forcing using a mixed-layer depth climatology. With the exception of areas near the western boundaries of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, seasonal variability is dominated by precipitation. Surface freshwater forcing also has a bimodal distribution, with peaks in January and July, 1–2 months before the peaks of SLS. Seasonal amplitudes and phases calculated for horizontal advection show it to be important in the tropical oceans. Vertical entrainment, estimated from mixed-layer heaving, is largest in mid and high latitudes, with a seasonal cycle that peaks in late winter. The amplitudes and phases of SLS and surface fluxes compare well in a qualitative sense, suggesting that much of the variability in SLS is due to E-P . However, the amplitudes of SLS are somewhat different than would be expected and the peak of SLS comes typically about one month earlier than expected. The ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
F. M. Bingham G. R. Foltz M. J. McPhaden |
author_facet |
F. M. Bingham G. R. Foltz M. J. McPhaden |
author_sort |
F. M. Bingham |
title |
Characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean |
title_short |
Characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean |
title_full |
Characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean |
title_fullStr |
Characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean |
title_full_unstemmed |
Characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean |
title_sort |
characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2012 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-915-2012 https://doaj.org/article/6264cbdd41d24fb8b8ae799afeeff53d |
geographic |
Pacific Indian |
geographic_facet |
Pacific Indian |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
Ocean Science, Vol 8, Iss 5, Pp 915-929 (2012) |
op_relation |
http://www.ocean-sci.net/8/915/2012/os-8-915-2012.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1812-0784 https://doaj.org/toc/1812-0792 doi:10.5194/os-8-915-2012 1812-0784 1812-0792 https://doaj.org/article/6264cbdd41d24fb8b8ae799afeeff53d |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-915-2012 |
container_title |
Ocean Science |
container_volume |
8 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
915 |
op_container_end_page |
929 |
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1766136516679041024 |