A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies.
BACKGROUND:The aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events among Leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance with the geographical evolution of the Earth, which has not been previously discussed on a large scale. METHODOLOGY AND...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:60c51c5f787d41f2886395fc017da4e4 2023-05-15T15:15:19+02:00 A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. Mohammad Akhoundi Katrin Kuhls Arnaud Cannet Jan Votýpka Pierre Marty Pascal Delaunay Denis Sereno 2016-03-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004349 https://doaj.org/article/60c51c5f787d41f2886395fc017da4e4 EN eng Public Library of Science (PLoS) http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4777430?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004349 https://doaj.org/article/60c51c5f787d41f2886395fc017da4e4 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 10, Iss 3, p e0004349 (2016) Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 article 2016 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004349 2022-12-31T05:55:47Z BACKGROUND:The aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events among Leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance with the geographical evolution of the Earth, which has not been previously discussed on a large scale. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Leishmania and sandfly classification has always been a controversial matter, and the increasing number of species currently described further complicates this issue. Despite several hypotheses on the origin, evolution, and distribution of Leishmania and sandflies in the Old and New World, no consistent agreement exists regarding dissemination of the actors that play roles in leishmaniasis. For this purpose, we present here three centuries of research on sandflies and Leishmania descriptions, as well as a complete description of Leishmania and sandfly fossils and the emergence date of each Leishmania and sandfly group during different geographical periods, from 550 million years ago until now. We discuss critically the different approaches that were used for Leishmana and sandfly classification and their synonymies, proposing an updated classification for each species of Leishmania and sandfly. We update information on the current distribution and dispersion of different species of Leishmania (53), sandflies (more than 800 at genus or subgenus level), and animal reservoirs in each of the following geographical ecozones: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Malagasy, and Australian. We propose an updated list of the potential and proven sandfly vectors for each Leishmania species in the Old and New World. Finally, we address a classical question about digenetic Leishmania evolution: which was the first host, a vertebrate or an invertebrate? CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE:We propose an updated view of events that have played important roles in the geographical dispersion of sandflies, in relation to both the Leishmania species they transmit and the animal reservoirs of the parasites. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10 3 e0004349 |
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Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
spellingShingle |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Mohammad Akhoundi Katrin Kuhls Arnaud Cannet Jan Votýpka Pierre Marty Pascal Delaunay Denis Sereno A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. |
topic_facet |
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 |
description |
BACKGROUND:The aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events among Leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance with the geographical evolution of the Earth, which has not been previously discussed on a large scale. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Leishmania and sandfly classification has always been a controversial matter, and the increasing number of species currently described further complicates this issue. Despite several hypotheses on the origin, evolution, and distribution of Leishmania and sandflies in the Old and New World, no consistent agreement exists regarding dissemination of the actors that play roles in leishmaniasis. For this purpose, we present here three centuries of research on sandflies and Leishmania descriptions, as well as a complete description of Leishmania and sandfly fossils and the emergence date of each Leishmania and sandfly group during different geographical periods, from 550 million years ago until now. We discuss critically the different approaches that were used for Leishmana and sandfly classification and their synonymies, proposing an updated classification for each species of Leishmania and sandfly. We update information on the current distribution and dispersion of different species of Leishmania (53), sandflies (more than 800 at genus or subgenus level), and animal reservoirs in each of the following geographical ecozones: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Malagasy, and Australian. We propose an updated list of the potential and proven sandfly vectors for each Leishmania species in the Old and New World. Finally, we address a classical question about digenetic Leishmania evolution: which was the first host, a vertebrate or an invertebrate? CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE:We propose an updated view of events that have played important roles in the geographical dispersion of sandflies, in relation to both the Leishmania species they transmit and the animal reservoirs of the parasites. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Mohammad Akhoundi Katrin Kuhls Arnaud Cannet Jan Votýpka Pierre Marty Pascal Delaunay Denis Sereno |
author_facet |
Mohammad Akhoundi Katrin Kuhls Arnaud Cannet Jan Votýpka Pierre Marty Pascal Delaunay Denis Sereno |
author_sort |
Mohammad Akhoundi |
title |
A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. |
title_short |
A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. |
title_full |
A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. |
title_fullStr |
A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. |
title_sort |
historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of leishmania parasites and sandflies. |
publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004349 https://doaj.org/article/60c51c5f787d41f2886395fc017da4e4 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 10, Iss 3, p e0004349 (2016) |
op_relation |
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4777430?pdf=render https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727 https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004349 https://doaj.org/article/60c51c5f787d41f2886395fc017da4e4 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004349 |
container_title |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
container_volume |
10 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
e0004349 |
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1766345679261663232 |