On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century
The early 19th century was the coldest period over the past 500 years, when strong tropical volcanic events and a solar minimum coincided. The 1809 unidentified eruption and the 1815 Tambora eruption happened consecutively during the Dalton minimum of solar irradiance; however, the relative role of...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:5f5c5600a89141bd9c4e6893a3a7167f 2023-05-15T13:11:40+02:00 On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century S.-W. Fang C. Timmreck J. Jungclaus K. Krüger H. Schmidt 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 https://doaj.org/article/5f5c5600a89141bd9c4e6893a3a7167f EN eng Copernicus Publications https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1535/2022/esd-13-1535-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/2190-4979 https://doaj.org/toc/2190-4987 doi:10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 2190-4979 2190-4987 https://doaj.org/article/5f5c5600a89141bd9c4e6893a3a7167f Earth System Dynamics, Vol 13, Pp 1535-1555 (2022) Science Q Geology QE1-996.5 Dynamic and structural geology QE500-639.5 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 2022-12-30T19:39:28Z The early 19th century was the coldest period over the past 500 years, when strong tropical volcanic events and a solar minimum coincided. The 1809 unidentified eruption and the 1815 Tambora eruption happened consecutively during the Dalton minimum of solar irradiance; however, the relative role of the two forcing (volcano and solar) agents is still unclear. In this study, we examine the responses from a set of early 19th century simulations with combined and separated volcanic and solar forcing agents, as suggested in the protocol for the past1000 experiment of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project – Phase 4 (PMIP4). From 20-member ensemble simulations with the Max Planck Institute Earth system model (MPI-ESM1.2-LR), we find that the volcano- and solar-induced surface cooling is additive in the global mean/large scale, regardless of combining or separating the forcing agents. The two solar reconstructions (SATIRE (Spectral and Total Irradiance REconstruction-Millennia model) and PMOD (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos)) contribute to a cooling before and after 1815 of ∼0.05 and ∼0.15 K monthly average near-surface air cooling, respectively, indicating a limited solar contribution to the early 19th century cold period. The volcanic events provide the main cooling contributions, inducing a surface cooling that peaks at ∼0.82 K for the 1809 event and ∼1.35 K for Tambora. After the Tambora eruption, the temperature in most regions increases toward climatology largely within 5 years, along with the reduction of volcanic forcing. In the northern extratropical oceans, the temperature increases slowly at a constant rate until 1830, which is related to the reduction of seasonality and the concurrent changes in Arctic sea-ice extent. The albedo feedback of Arctic sea ice is found to be the main contributor to the Arctic amplification of the cooling signal. Several non-additive responses to solar and volcanic forcing happen on regional scales. In the atmosphere, the stratospheric polar vortex ... Article in Journal/Newspaper albedo Arctic Sea ice Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Earth System Dynamics 13 4 1535 1555 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Science Q Geology QE1-996.5 Dynamic and structural geology QE500-639.5 |
spellingShingle |
Science Q Geology QE1-996.5 Dynamic and structural geology QE500-639.5 S.-W. Fang C. Timmreck J. Jungclaus K. Krüger H. Schmidt On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
topic_facet |
Science Q Geology QE1-996.5 Dynamic and structural geology QE500-639.5 |
description |
The early 19th century was the coldest period over the past 500 years, when strong tropical volcanic events and a solar minimum coincided. The 1809 unidentified eruption and the 1815 Tambora eruption happened consecutively during the Dalton minimum of solar irradiance; however, the relative role of the two forcing (volcano and solar) agents is still unclear. In this study, we examine the responses from a set of early 19th century simulations with combined and separated volcanic and solar forcing agents, as suggested in the protocol for the past1000 experiment of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project – Phase 4 (PMIP4). From 20-member ensemble simulations with the Max Planck Institute Earth system model (MPI-ESM1.2-LR), we find that the volcano- and solar-induced surface cooling is additive in the global mean/large scale, regardless of combining or separating the forcing agents. The two solar reconstructions (SATIRE (Spectral and Total Irradiance REconstruction-Millennia model) and PMOD (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos)) contribute to a cooling before and after 1815 of ∼0.05 and ∼0.15 K monthly average near-surface air cooling, respectively, indicating a limited solar contribution to the early 19th century cold period. The volcanic events provide the main cooling contributions, inducing a surface cooling that peaks at ∼0.82 K for the 1809 event and ∼1.35 K for Tambora. After the Tambora eruption, the temperature in most regions increases toward climatology largely within 5 years, along with the reduction of volcanic forcing. In the northern extratropical oceans, the temperature increases slowly at a constant rate until 1830, which is related to the reduction of seasonality and the concurrent changes in Arctic sea-ice extent. The albedo feedback of Arctic sea ice is found to be the main contributor to the Arctic amplification of the cooling signal. Several non-additive responses to solar and volcanic forcing happen on regional scales. In the atmosphere, the stratospheric polar vortex ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
S.-W. Fang C. Timmreck J. Jungclaus K. Krüger H. Schmidt |
author_facet |
S.-W. Fang C. Timmreck J. Jungclaus K. Krüger H. Schmidt |
author_sort |
S.-W. Fang |
title |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_short |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_full |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_fullStr |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_full_unstemmed |
On the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
title_sort |
on the additivity of climate responses to the volcanic and solar forcing in the early 19th century |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 https://doaj.org/article/5f5c5600a89141bd9c4e6893a3a7167f |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
albedo Arctic Sea ice |
genre_facet |
albedo Arctic Sea ice |
op_source |
Earth System Dynamics, Vol 13, Pp 1535-1555 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1535/2022/esd-13-1535-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/2190-4979 https://doaj.org/toc/2190-4987 doi:10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 2190-4979 2190-4987 https://doaj.org/article/5f5c5600a89141bd9c4e6893a3a7167f |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1535-2022 |
container_title |
Earth System Dynamics |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
1535 |
op_container_end_page |
1555 |
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1766248452749000704 |