Arctic Multiyear Ice Areal Flux and Its Connection with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations in the Winters of 2002–2021

• Published in: Remote Sensing
• Main Authors: Huiyan Kuang, Yanbing Luo, Yufang Ye, Mohammed Shokr, Zhuoqi Chen, Shaoyin Wang, Fengming Hui, Haibo Bi, Xiao Cheng
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2022
• Subjects: multiyear ice; sea ice areal flux; Fram Strait; atmospheric circulations; arctic dipole anomaly; Science; Q; Arctic; Arctic Ocean; Global warming; North Atlantic; North Atlantic oscillation; Sea ice
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153742; https://doaj.org/article/5baa40c6c425480b9f415ca9cb1de8f3

Arctic sea ice, especially the multiyear ice (MYI), is decreasing rapidly, partly due to melting triggered by global warming, in turn partly due to the possible acceleration of ice export from the Arctic Ocean to southern latitudes through identifiable gates. In this study, MYI and total sea ice areal flux through six Arctic gateways over the winters (October–April) of 2002–2021 were estimated using daily sea ice motion and MYI/total sea ice concentration data. Inconsistencies caused by different data sources were considered for the estimate of MYI flux. Results showed that, there is a slight declining trend in the Arctic MYI areal flux over the past two decades, which is attributable to the decrease in MYI concentration. Overall speaking, MYI flux through Fram Strait accounts for ~87% of the Arctic MYI outflow, with an average of ~325.92 × 10 3 km 2 for the winters of 2002–2021. The monthly MYI areal flux through Fram Strait is characterized with a peak in March (~55.56 × 10 3 km 2 ) and a trough in April (~40.97 × 10 3 km 2 ), with a major contribution from MYI concentration. The connections between sea ice outflow and large-scale atmospheric circulations such as Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Dipole Anomaly (DA) were investigated. High correlation coefficients (CCs) were found in winter months such as January and February. While AO and NAO (especially NAO) exhibited generally weak correlations with the MYI/total sea ice flux, DA presented strong correlations with the areal flux, especially for MYI (CC up to 0.90 in January). However, the atmospheric circulation patterns are sometimes not fully characterized by the specific indices, which could have different effects on sea ice flux and its correlation with the atmospheric indices.