California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review
The Arctic is warming at four times the global rate, changing the diversity, activity and distribution of vectors and associated pathogens. While the Arctic is not often considered a hotbed of vector-borne diseases, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and Snowshoe Hare virus (SSHV) are mosquito-borne zoono...
Published in: | Viruses |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2023
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061242 https://doaj.org/article/59c6db9ad8e04ed6bb762a6a71ef7943 |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:59c6db9ad8e04ed6bb762a6a71ef7943 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:59c6db9ad8e04ed6bb762a6a71ef7943 2023-07-23T04:17:20+02:00 California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review Jumari Snyman Louwrens P. Snyman Kayla J. Buhler Carol-Anne Villeneuve Patrick A. Leighton Emily J. Jenkins Anil Kumar 2023-05-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061242 https://doaj.org/article/59c6db9ad8e04ed6bb762a6a71ef7943 EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/6/1242 https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 doi:10.3390/v15061242 1999-4915 https://doaj.org/article/59c6db9ad8e04ed6bb762a6a71ef7943 Viruses, Vol 15, Iss 1242, p 1242 (2023) Aedes climate change distribution potential Jamestown Canyon virus mosquito-borne Orthobunyavirus Microbiology QR1-502 article 2023 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061242 2023-07-02T00:36:52Z The Arctic is warming at four times the global rate, changing the diversity, activity and distribution of vectors and associated pathogens. While the Arctic is not often considered a hotbed of vector-borne diseases, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and Snowshoe Hare virus (SSHV) are mosquito-borne zoonotic viruses of the California serogroup endemic to the Canadian North. The viruses are maintained by transovarial transmission in vectors and circulate among vertebrate hosts, both of which are not well characterized in Arctic regions. While most human infections are subclinical or mild, serious cases occur, and both JCV and SSHV have recently been identified as leading causes of arbovirus-associated neurological diseases in North America. Consequently, both viruses are currently recognised as neglected and emerging viruses of public health concern. This review aims to summarise previous findings in the region regarding the enzootic transmission cycle of both viruses. We identify key gaps and approaches needed to critically evaluate, detect, and model the effects of climate change on these uniquely northern viruses. Based on limited data, we predict that (1) these northern adapted viruses will increase their range northwards, but not lose range at their southern limits, (2) undergo more rapid amplification and amplified transmission in endemic regions for longer vector-biting seasons, (3) take advantage of northward shifts of hosts and vectors, and (4) increase bite rates following an increase in the availability of breeding sites, along with phenological synchrony between the reproduction cycle of theorized reservoirs (such as caribou calving) and mosquito emergence. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Climate change Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Viruses 15 6 1242 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Aedes climate change distribution potential Jamestown Canyon virus mosquito-borne Orthobunyavirus Microbiology QR1-502 |
spellingShingle |
Aedes climate change distribution potential Jamestown Canyon virus mosquito-borne Orthobunyavirus Microbiology QR1-502 Jumari Snyman Louwrens P. Snyman Kayla J. Buhler Carol-Anne Villeneuve Patrick A. Leighton Emily J. Jenkins Anil Kumar California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review |
topic_facet |
Aedes climate change distribution potential Jamestown Canyon virus mosquito-borne Orthobunyavirus Microbiology QR1-502 |
description |
The Arctic is warming at four times the global rate, changing the diversity, activity and distribution of vectors and associated pathogens. While the Arctic is not often considered a hotbed of vector-borne diseases, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and Snowshoe Hare virus (SSHV) are mosquito-borne zoonotic viruses of the California serogroup endemic to the Canadian North. The viruses are maintained by transovarial transmission in vectors and circulate among vertebrate hosts, both of which are not well characterized in Arctic regions. While most human infections are subclinical or mild, serious cases occur, and both JCV and SSHV have recently been identified as leading causes of arbovirus-associated neurological diseases in North America. Consequently, both viruses are currently recognised as neglected and emerging viruses of public health concern. This review aims to summarise previous findings in the region regarding the enzootic transmission cycle of both viruses. We identify key gaps and approaches needed to critically evaluate, detect, and model the effects of climate change on these uniquely northern viruses. Based on limited data, we predict that (1) these northern adapted viruses will increase their range northwards, but not lose range at their southern limits, (2) undergo more rapid amplification and amplified transmission in endemic regions for longer vector-biting seasons, (3) take advantage of northward shifts of hosts and vectors, and (4) increase bite rates following an increase in the availability of breeding sites, along with phenological synchrony between the reproduction cycle of theorized reservoirs (such as caribou calving) and mosquito emergence. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Jumari Snyman Louwrens P. Snyman Kayla J. Buhler Carol-Anne Villeneuve Patrick A. Leighton Emily J. Jenkins Anil Kumar |
author_facet |
Jumari Snyman Louwrens P. Snyman Kayla J. Buhler Carol-Anne Villeneuve Patrick A. Leighton Emily J. Jenkins Anil Kumar |
author_sort |
Jumari Snyman |
title |
California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review |
title_short |
California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review |
title_full |
California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review |
title_fullStr |
California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review |
title_full_unstemmed |
California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review |
title_sort |
california serogroup viruses in a changing canadian arctic: a review |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061242 https://doaj.org/article/59c6db9ad8e04ed6bb762a6a71ef7943 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Climate change |
genre_facet |
Arctic Climate change |
op_source |
Viruses, Vol 15, Iss 1242, p 1242 (2023) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/6/1242 https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 doi:10.3390/v15061242 1999-4915 https://doaj.org/article/59c6db9ad8e04ed6bb762a6a71ef7943 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061242 |
container_title |
Viruses |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
1242 |
_version_ |
1772178943911133184 |