Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark’s anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii)
Ocean acidification, the ongoing decline of surface ocean pH and [CO ${}_{3}^{2-}$ 3 2 − ] due to absorption of surplus atmospheric CO2, has far-reaching consequences for marine biota, especially calcifiers. Among these are teleost fishes, which internally calcify otoliths, critical elements of the...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:597354e43d594d27b99a1d8f3c967304 2024-01-07T09:45:39+01:00 Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark’s anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) Robert J. Holmberg Eric Wilcox-Freeburg Andrew L. Rhyne Michael F. Tlusty Alan Stebbins Steven W. Nye Jr. Aaron Honig Amy E. Johnston Christine M. San Antonio Bradford Bourque Robyn E. Hannigan 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6152 https://doaj.org/article/597354e43d594d27b99a1d8f3c967304 EN eng PeerJ Inc. https://peerj.com/articles/6152.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/6152/ https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359 doi:10.7717/peerj.6152 2167-8359 https://doaj.org/article/597354e43d594d27b99a1d8f3c967304 PeerJ, Vol 7, p e6152 (2019) Ocean acidification Fish otoliths CaCO3 mineralogy Scanning Electron Microscopy Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 article 2019 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6152 2023-12-10T01:50:05Z Ocean acidification, the ongoing decline of surface ocean pH and [CO ${}_{3}^{2-}$ 3 2 − ] due to absorption of surplus atmospheric CO2, has far-reaching consequences for marine biota, especially calcifiers. Among these are teleost fishes, which internally calcify otoliths, critical elements of the inner ear and vestibular system. There is evidence in the literature that ocean acidification increases otolith size and alters shape, perhaps impacting otic mechanics and thus sensory perception. Here, larval Clark’s anemonefish, Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830), were reared in various seawater pCO2/pH treatments analogous to future ocean scenarios. At the onset of metamorphosis, all otoliths were removed from each individual fish and analyzed for treatment effects on morphometrics including area, perimeter, and circularity; scanning electron microscopy was used to screen for evidence of treatment effects on lateral development, surface roughness, and vaterite replacement. The results corroborate those of other experiments with other taxa that observed otolith growth with elevated pCO2, and provide evidence that lateral development and surface roughness increased as well. Both sagittae exhibited increasing area, perimeter, lateral development, and roughness; left lapilli exhibited increasing area and perimeter while right lapilli exhibited increasing lateral development and roughness; and left asterisci exhibited increasing perimeter, roughness, and ellipticity with increasing pCO2. Right lapilli and left asterisci were only impacted by the most extreme pCO2 treatment, suggesting they are resilient to any conditions short of aragonite undersaturation, while all other impacted otoliths responded to lower concentrations. Finally, fish settlement competency at 10 dph was dramatically reduced, and fish standard length marginally reduced with increasing pCO2. Increasing abnormality and asymmetry of otoliths may impact inner ear function by altering otolith-maculae interactions. Article in Journal/Newspaper Ocean acidification Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles PeerJ 7 e6152 |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Ocean acidification Fish otoliths CaCO3 mineralogy Scanning Electron Microscopy Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 |
spellingShingle |
Ocean acidification Fish otoliths CaCO3 mineralogy Scanning Electron Microscopy Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Robert J. Holmberg Eric Wilcox-Freeburg Andrew L. Rhyne Michael F. Tlusty Alan Stebbins Steven W. Nye Jr. Aaron Honig Amy E. Johnston Christine M. San Antonio Bradford Bourque Robyn E. Hannigan Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark’s anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) |
topic_facet |
Ocean acidification Fish otoliths CaCO3 mineralogy Scanning Electron Microscopy Medicine R Biology (General) QH301-705.5 |
description |
Ocean acidification, the ongoing decline of surface ocean pH and [CO ${}_{3}^{2-}$ 3 2 − ] due to absorption of surplus atmospheric CO2, has far-reaching consequences for marine biota, especially calcifiers. Among these are teleost fishes, which internally calcify otoliths, critical elements of the inner ear and vestibular system. There is evidence in the literature that ocean acidification increases otolith size and alters shape, perhaps impacting otic mechanics and thus sensory perception. Here, larval Clark’s anemonefish, Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830), were reared in various seawater pCO2/pH treatments analogous to future ocean scenarios. At the onset of metamorphosis, all otoliths were removed from each individual fish and analyzed for treatment effects on morphometrics including area, perimeter, and circularity; scanning electron microscopy was used to screen for evidence of treatment effects on lateral development, surface roughness, and vaterite replacement. The results corroborate those of other experiments with other taxa that observed otolith growth with elevated pCO2, and provide evidence that lateral development and surface roughness increased as well. Both sagittae exhibited increasing area, perimeter, lateral development, and roughness; left lapilli exhibited increasing area and perimeter while right lapilli exhibited increasing lateral development and roughness; and left asterisci exhibited increasing perimeter, roughness, and ellipticity with increasing pCO2. Right lapilli and left asterisci were only impacted by the most extreme pCO2 treatment, suggesting they are resilient to any conditions short of aragonite undersaturation, while all other impacted otoliths responded to lower concentrations. Finally, fish settlement competency at 10 dph was dramatically reduced, and fish standard length marginally reduced with increasing pCO2. Increasing abnormality and asymmetry of otoliths may impact inner ear function by altering otolith-maculae interactions. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Robert J. Holmberg Eric Wilcox-Freeburg Andrew L. Rhyne Michael F. Tlusty Alan Stebbins Steven W. Nye Jr. Aaron Honig Amy E. Johnston Christine M. San Antonio Bradford Bourque Robyn E. Hannigan |
author_facet |
Robert J. Holmberg Eric Wilcox-Freeburg Andrew L. Rhyne Michael F. Tlusty Alan Stebbins Steven W. Nye Jr. Aaron Honig Amy E. Johnston Christine M. San Antonio Bradford Bourque Robyn E. Hannigan |
author_sort |
Robert J. Holmberg |
title |
Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark’s anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) |
title_short |
Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark’s anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) |
title_full |
Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark’s anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) |
title_fullStr |
Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark’s anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark’s anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) |
title_sort |
ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in clark’s anemonefish (amphiprion clarkii) |
publisher |
PeerJ Inc. |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6152 https://doaj.org/article/597354e43d594d27b99a1d8f3c967304 |
genre |
Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Ocean acidification |
op_source |
PeerJ, Vol 7, p e6152 (2019) |
op_relation |
https://peerj.com/articles/6152.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/6152/ https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359 doi:10.7717/peerj.6152 2167-8359 https://doaj.org/article/597354e43d594d27b99a1d8f3c967304 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6152 |
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PeerJ |
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7 |
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e6152 |
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