Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers: Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving
IntroductionTechnical diving is very popular in Finland throughout the year despite diving conditions being challenging, especially due to arctic water and poor visibility. Cold water, immersion, submersion, hyperoxia, as well as psychological and physiological stress, all have an effect on the auto...
Published in: | Frontiers in Physiology |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 https://doaj.org/article/51715db7049b4a98b9a35041afe4e920 |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:51715db7049b4a98b9a35041afe4e920 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:51715db7049b4a98b9a35041afe4e920 2023-05-15T15:00:38+02:00 Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers: Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving Richard V. Lundell Laura Tuominen Tommi Ojanen Kai Parkkola Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 https://doaj.org/article/51715db7049b4a98b9a35041afe4e920 EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.649319/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-042X 1664-042X doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 https://doaj.org/article/51715db7049b4a98b9a35041afe4e920 Frontiers in Physiology, Vol 12 (2021) HRV cold diving Arctic diving diving response rebreather diving diving reflex Physiology QP1-981 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 2022-12-31T06:36:28Z IntroductionTechnical diving is very popular in Finland throughout the year despite diving conditions being challenging, especially due to arctic water and poor visibility. Cold water, immersion, submersion, hyperoxia, as well as psychological and physiological stress, all have an effect on the autonomic nervous system (ANS).Materials and methodsTo evaluate divers’ ANS responses, short-term (5 min) heart rate variability (HRV) during dives in 2–4°C water was measured. HRV resting values were evaluated from separate measurements before and after the dives. Twenty-six experienced closed circuit rebreather (CCR) divers performed an identical 45-meter decompression dive with a non-physical task requiring concentration at the bottom depth.ResultsActivity of the ANS branches was evaluated with the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) indexes of the Kubios HRV Standard program. Compared to resting values, PNS activity decreased significantly on immersion with face out of water. From immersion, it increased significantly with facial immersion, just before decompression and just before surfacing. Compared to resting values, SNS activity increased significantly on immersion with face out of water. Face in water and submersion measures did not differ from the immersion measure. After these measurements, SNS activity decreased significantly over time.ConclusionOur study indicates that the trigeminocardiac part of the diving reflex causes the strong initial PNS activation at the beginning of the dive but the reaction seems to decrease quickly. After this initial activation, cold seemed to be the most prominent promoter of PNS activity – not pressure. Also, our study showed a concurrent increase in both SNS and PNS branches, which has been associated with an elevated risk for arrhythmia. Therefore, we recommend a short adaptation phase at the beginning of cold-water diving before physical activity. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Frontiers in Physiology 12 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
HRV cold diving Arctic diving diving response rebreather diving diving reflex Physiology QP1-981 |
spellingShingle |
HRV cold diving Arctic diving diving response rebreather diving diving reflex Physiology QP1-981 Richard V. Lundell Laura Tuominen Tommi Ojanen Kai Parkkola Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers: Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
topic_facet |
HRV cold diving Arctic diving diving response rebreather diving diving reflex Physiology QP1-981 |
description |
IntroductionTechnical diving is very popular in Finland throughout the year despite diving conditions being challenging, especially due to arctic water and poor visibility. Cold water, immersion, submersion, hyperoxia, as well as psychological and physiological stress, all have an effect on the autonomic nervous system (ANS).Materials and methodsTo evaluate divers’ ANS responses, short-term (5 min) heart rate variability (HRV) during dives in 2–4°C water was measured. HRV resting values were evaluated from separate measurements before and after the dives. Twenty-six experienced closed circuit rebreather (CCR) divers performed an identical 45-meter decompression dive with a non-physical task requiring concentration at the bottom depth.ResultsActivity of the ANS branches was evaluated with the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) indexes of the Kubios HRV Standard program. Compared to resting values, PNS activity decreased significantly on immersion with face out of water. From immersion, it increased significantly with facial immersion, just before decompression and just before surfacing. Compared to resting values, SNS activity increased significantly on immersion with face out of water. Face in water and submersion measures did not differ from the immersion measure. After these measurements, SNS activity decreased significantly over time.ConclusionOur study indicates that the trigeminocardiac part of the diving reflex causes the strong initial PNS activation at the beginning of the dive but the reaction seems to decrease quickly. After this initial activation, cold seemed to be the most prominent promoter of PNS activity – not pressure. Also, our study showed a concurrent increase in both SNS and PNS branches, which has been associated with an elevated risk for arrhythmia. Therefore, we recommend a short adaptation phase at the beginning of cold-water diving before physical activity. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Richard V. Lundell Laura Tuominen Tommi Ojanen Kai Parkkola Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski |
author_facet |
Richard V. Lundell Laura Tuominen Tommi Ojanen Kai Parkkola Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski |
author_sort |
Richard V. Lundell |
title |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers: Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_short |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers: Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_full |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers: Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_fullStr |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers: Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_full_unstemmed |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers: Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_sort |
diving responses in experienced rebreather divers: short-term heart rate variability in cold water diving |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 https://doaj.org/article/51715db7049b4a98b9a35041afe4e920 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
Frontiers in Physiology, Vol 12 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.649319/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-042X 1664-042X doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 https://doaj.org/article/51715db7049b4a98b9a35041afe4e920 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Physiology |
container_volume |
12 |
_version_ |
1766332720481304576 |