Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic
An empirical model of global solar irradiance (EMGSI) under all sky conditions was developed by using solar radiation and meteorological parameters at Sodankylä. The calculated hourly global solar irradiance is in agreement with that observed at the ground during 2008–2011 and at the top of the atmo...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:515490e82e1f406a93b9efbba5c57ecf 2023-05-15T15:17:08+02:00 Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic Jianhui Bai Anu Heikkilä Xuemei Zong 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060749 https://doaj.org/article/515490e82e1f406a93b9efbba5c57ecf EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/749 https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 doi:10.3390/atmos12060749 2073-4433 https://doaj.org/article/515490e82e1f406a93b9efbba5c57ecf Atmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 749, p 749 (2021) absorbing and scattering factors energy aerosol optical depth NO 2 VCD climate Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060749 2022-12-31T06:25:33Z An empirical model of global solar irradiance (EMGSI) under all sky conditions was developed by using solar radiation and meteorological parameters at Sodankylä. The calculated hourly global solar irradiance is in agreement with that observed at the ground during 2008–2011 and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). This model is used to calculate the global solar irradiance at the ground and its attenuation in the atmosphere due to absorbing and scattering substances in 2000–2018. The sensitivity test indicates that the responses of global solar irradiance to changes in water vapor and scattering factors are nonlinear and negative, and global solar irradiance is more sensitive to changes in scattering (expressed by the scattering factor S/G, S and G are diffuse and global solar radiation, respectively) than to changes in water vapor. Using this empirical model, we calculated the albedos at the TOA and the surface, which are in agreement with the satellite-retrieved values. A good relationship between S/G and aerosol optical depth (AOD) was determined and used to estimate AOD in 2000–2018. An empirical model for estimation of tropospheric NO 2 vertical column density (VCD) was also developed and used to calculate tropospheric NO 2 VCD in 2000–2018. During 2000–2018, the estimated global solar irradiance decreased by 0.92%, and diffuse irradiance increased by 1.28% per year, which is ascribed to the increases of S/G (1.73%) and water vapor (0.43%). Annual surface air temperature increases by 0.07 °C per year. Annual mean loss of global solar irradiance caused by absorbing and scattering substances and total loss are 1.94, 1.17 and 3.11 MJ m −2 , respectively. Annual mean losses of absorbing and scattering global solar irradiance show negative and positive trends, respectively, and the annual total loss increases by 0.24% per year. Annual mean losses due to absorption were much larger than those due to scattering. The calculated albedos at the TOA are smaller than at the surface. The calculated and satellite-retrieved ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Sodankylä Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Sodankylä ENVELOPE(26.600,26.600,67.417,67.417) Atmosphere 12 6 749 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
absorbing and scattering factors energy aerosol optical depth NO 2 VCD climate Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 |
spellingShingle |
absorbing and scattering factors energy aerosol optical depth NO 2 VCD climate Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Jianhui Bai Anu Heikkilä Xuemei Zong Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
topic_facet |
absorbing and scattering factors energy aerosol optical depth NO 2 VCD climate Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 |
description |
An empirical model of global solar irradiance (EMGSI) under all sky conditions was developed by using solar radiation and meteorological parameters at Sodankylä. The calculated hourly global solar irradiance is in agreement with that observed at the ground during 2008–2011 and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). This model is used to calculate the global solar irradiance at the ground and its attenuation in the atmosphere due to absorbing and scattering substances in 2000–2018. The sensitivity test indicates that the responses of global solar irradiance to changes in water vapor and scattering factors are nonlinear and negative, and global solar irradiance is more sensitive to changes in scattering (expressed by the scattering factor S/G, S and G are diffuse and global solar radiation, respectively) than to changes in water vapor. Using this empirical model, we calculated the albedos at the TOA and the surface, which are in agreement with the satellite-retrieved values. A good relationship between S/G and aerosol optical depth (AOD) was determined and used to estimate AOD in 2000–2018. An empirical model for estimation of tropospheric NO 2 vertical column density (VCD) was also developed and used to calculate tropospheric NO 2 VCD in 2000–2018. During 2000–2018, the estimated global solar irradiance decreased by 0.92%, and diffuse irradiance increased by 1.28% per year, which is ascribed to the increases of S/G (1.73%) and water vapor (0.43%). Annual surface air temperature increases by 0.07 °C per year. Annual mean loss of global solar irradiance caused by absorbing and scattering substances and total loss are 1.94, 1.17 and 3.11 MJ m −2 , respectively. Annual mean losses of absorbing and scattering global solar irradiance show negative and positive trends, respectively, and the annual total loss increases by 0.24% per year. Annual mean losses due to absorption were much larger than those due to scattering. The calculated albedos at the TOA are smaller than at the surface. The calculated and satellite-retrieved ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Jianhui Bai Anu Heikkilä Xuemei Zong |
author_facet |
Jianhui Bai Anu Heikkilä Xuemei Zong |
author_sort |
Jianhui Bai |
title |
Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
title_short |
Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
title_full |
Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
title_fullStr |
Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
title_full_unstemmed |
Long-Term Variations of Global Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Constituents at Sodankylä in the Arctic |
title_sort |
long-term variations of global solar radiation and atmospheric constituents at sodankylä in the arctic |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060749 https://doaj.org/article/515490e82e1f406a93b9efbba5c57ecf |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(26.600,26.600,67.417,67.417) |
geographic |
Arctic Sodankylä |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Sodankylä |
genre |
Arctic Sodankylä |
genre_facet |
Arctic Sodankylä |
op_source |
Atmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 749, p 749 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/749 https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 doi:10.3390/atmos12060749 2073-4433 https://doaj.org/article/515490e82e1f406a93b9efbba5c57ecf |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060749 |
container_title |
Atmosphere |
container_volume |
12 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
749 |
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1766347410530893824 |