A novel protist parasite, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (Xcelliidae, Perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in Norway
Abstract Background In Norway, x-cell parasites associated with disease in farmed salmonids have been known as a rare phenomenon for two decades. These parasites cause systemic infections in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but have so far not been charac...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:4f8fb95ee4364d289638f71341bd8428 2023-05-15T15:32:01+02:00 A novel protist parasite, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (Xcelliidae, Perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in Norway Egil Karlsbakk Cecilie Flatnes Nystøyl Heidrun Plarre Are Nylund 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04886-0 https://doaj.org/article/4f8fb95ee4364d289638f71341bd8428 EN eng BMC https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04886-0 https://doaj.org/toc/1756-3305 doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04886-0 1756-3305 https://doaj.org/article/4f8fb95ee4364d289638f71341bd8428 Parasites & Vectors, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021) Rainbow trout Atlantic salmon X-cells Xcelliids Perkinsozoa Marine Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04886-0 2022-12-31T06:54:41Z Abstract Background In Norway, x-cell parasites associated with disease in farmed salmonids have been known as a rare phenomenon for two decades. These parasites cause systemic infections in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but have so far not been characterized and described. Methods The x-cells from several cases of diseased fish were studied using light and electron microscopy, and by phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. Results We describe here the x-cell parasite as a new species in a new genus, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. Phylogenetic analyses placed Salmoxcellia n. gen. together with Gadixcellia among the xcelliids, a group of perkinsozoan alveolates. The new genus and species were found to have vacuolate plasmodial x-cells filled with lipid droplets, and an electron-dense alveolar pellicle. Electron-dense cytoplasmic inclusions, which are characteristic of the other xcelliid genera Xcellia and Gadixcellia, are lacking in Salmoxcellia n. gen. These x-cell plasmodia divide by plasmotomy and occur as aggregates in the host tissues, particularly in blood-rich tissues such as those of the kidney, red musculature, heart and liver. Host reaction and the refractive lipid droplets in the x-cells result in S. vastator n. gen., n. sp. aggregates appearing as white patches in the tissues. Conclusions We describe a new genus and species of xcelliid protist parasites from two very important farmed fish species and provide molecular methods for detection. The new parasite is associated with disease, but more importantly it has a spoiling effect on farmed salmonid fillets, rendering them unsuitable for sale. Consequently, this parasite represents a threat to the aquaculture industry. Graphical abstract Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Norway Parasites & Vectors 14 1 |
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Open Polar |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Rainbow trout Atlantic salmon X-cells Xcelliids Perkinsozoa Marine Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 |
spellingShingle |
Rainbow trout Atlantic salmon X-cells Xcelliids Perkinsozoa Marine Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 Egil Karlsbakk Cecilie Flatnes Nystøyl Heidrun Plarre Are Nylund A novel protist parasite, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (Xcelliidae, Perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in Norway |
topic_facet |
Rainbow trout Atlantic salmon X-cells Xcelliids Perkinsozoa Marine Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 |
description |
Abstract Background In Norway, x-cell parasites associated with disease in farmed salmonids have been known as a rare phenomenon for two decades. These parasites cause systemic infections in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but have so far not been characterized and described. Methods The x-cells from several cases of diseased fish were studied using light and electron microscopy, and by phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. Results We describe here the x-cell parasite as a new species in a new genus, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. Phylogenetic analyses placed Salmoxcellia n. gen. together with Gadixcellia among the xcelliids, a group of perkinsozoan alveolates. The new genus and species were found to have vacuolate plasmodial x-cells filled with lipid droplets, and an electron-dense alveolar pellicle. Electron-dense cytoplasmic inclusions, which are characteristic of the other xcelliid genera Xcellia and Gadixcellia, are lacking in Salmoxcellia n. gen. These x-cell plasmodia divide by plasmotomy and occur as aggregates in the host tissues, particularly in blood-rich tissues such as those of the kidney, red musculature, heart and liver. Host reaction and the refractive lipid droplets in the x-cells result in S. vastator n. gen., n. sp. aggregates appearing as white patches in the tissues. Conclusions We describe a new genus and species of xcelliid protist parasites from two very important farmed fish species and provide molecular methods for detection. The new parasite is associated with disease, but more importantly it has a spoiling effect on farmed salmonid fillets, rendering them unsuitable for sale. Consequently, this parasite represents a threat to the aquaculture industry. Graphical abstract |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Egil Karlsbakk Cecilie Flatnes Nystøyl Heidrun Plarre Are Nylund |
author_facet |
Egil Karlsbakk Cecilie Flatnes Nystøyl Heidrun Plarre Are Nylund |
author_sort |
Egil Karlsbakk |
title |
A novel protist parasite, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (Xcelliidae, Perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in Norway |
title_short |
A novel protist parasite, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (Xcelliidae, Perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in Norway |
title_full |
A novel protist parasite, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (Xcelliidae, Perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in Norway |
title_fullStr |
A novel protist parasite, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (Xcelliidae, Perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in Norway |
title_full_unstemmed |
A novel protist parasite, Salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (Xcelliidae, Perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in Norway |
title_sort |
novel protist parasite, salmoxcellia vastator n. gen., n. sp. (xcelliidae, perkinsozoa), infecting farmed salmonids in norway |
publisher |
BMC |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04886-0 https://doaj.org/article/4f8fb95ee4364d289638f71341bd8428 |
geographic |
Norway |
geographic_facet |
Norway |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
Parasites & Vectors, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04886-0 https://doaj.org/toc/1756-3305 doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04886-0 1756-3305 https://doaj.org/article/4f8fb95ee4364d289638f71341bd8428 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04886-0 |
container_title |
Parasites & Vectors |
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14 |
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1 |
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1766362509148684288 |