Cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean during the MARCUS field campaign
To investigate the cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean (SO), the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility (AMF2) was installed on the Australian icebreaker research vessel (R/V) Aurora Australis during the Measurements of Aerosol...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:4bbb02a34a2c4b4bad87ec633addad40 2023-05-15T15:33:50+02:00 Cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean during the MARCUS field campaign B. Xi X. Dong X. Zheng P. Wu 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3761-2022 https://doaj.org/article/4bbb02a34a2c4b4bad87ec633addad40 EN eng Copernicus Publications https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/15/3761/2022/amt-15-3761-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1867-1381 https://doaj.org/toc/1867-8548 doi:10.5194/amt-15-3761-2022 1867-1381 1867-8548 https://doaj.org/article/4bbb02a34a2c4b4bad87ec633addad40 Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol 15, Pp 3761-3777 (2022) Environmental engineering TA170-171 Earthwork. Foundations TA715-787 article 2022 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3761-2022 2022-12-30T21:22:04Z To investigate the cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean (SO), the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility (AMF2) was installed on the Australian icebreaker research vessel (R/V) Aurora Australis during the Measurements of Aerosols, Radiation, and Clouds over the Southern Ocean (MARCUS) field campaign (41 to 69 ∘ S, 60 to 160 ∘ E) from October 2017 to March 2018. To examine cloud properties over the midlatitude and polar regions, the study domain is separated into the northern (NSO) and southern (SSO) parts of the SO, with a demarcation line of 60 ∘ S. The total cloud fractions (CFs) were 77.9 %, 67.6 %, and 90.3 % for the entire domain, NSO and SSO, respectively, indicating that higher CFs were observed in the polar region. Low-level clouds and deep convective clouds are the two most common cloud types over the SO. A new method was developed to classify liquid, mixed-phase, and ice clouds in single-layered, low-level clouds (LOW), where mixed-phase clouds dominate with an occurrence frequency (Freq) of 54.5 %, while the Freqs of the liquid and ice clouds were 10.1 % (most drizzling) and 17.4 % (least drizzling). The meridional distributions of low-level cloud boundaries are nearly independent of latitude, whereas the cloud temperatures increased by ∼8 K, and atmospheric precipitable water vapor increased from ∼5 mm at 69 ∘ S to ∼18 mm at 43 ∘ S. The mean cloud liquid water paths over NSO were much larger than those over SSO. Most liquid clouds occurred over NSO, with very few over SSO, whereas more mixed-phase clouds occurred over SSO than over NSO. There were no significant differences for the ice cloud Freq between NSO and SSO. The ice particle sizes are comparable to cloud droplets and drizzle drops and well mixed in the cloud layer. These results will be valuable for advancing our understanding of the meridional and vertical distributions of clouds and can be used to improve model simulations over the SO. Article in Journal/Newspaper aurora australis Southern Ocean Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Southern Ocean Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15 12 3761 3777 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Environmental engineering TA170-171 Earthwork. Foundations TA715-787 |
spellingShingle |
Environmental engineering TA170-171 Earthwork. Foundations TA715-787 B. Xi X. Dong X. Zheng P. Wu Cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean during the MARCUS field campaign |
topic_facet |
Environmental engineering TA170-171 Earthwork. Foundations TA715-787 |
description |
To investigate the cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean (SO), the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility (AMF2) was installed on the Australian icebreaker research vessel (R/V) Aurora Australis during the Measurements of Aerosols, Radiation, and Clouds over the Southern Ocean (MARCUS) field campaign (41 to 69 ∘ S, 60 to 160 ∘ E) from October 2017 to March 2018. To examine cloud properties over the midlatitude and polar regions, the study domain is separated into the northern (NSO) and southern (SSO) parts of the SO, with a demarcation line of 60 ∘ S. The total cloud fractions (CFs) were 77.9 %, 67.6 %, and 90.3 % for the entire domain, NSO and SSO, respectively, indicating that higher CFs were observed in the polar region. Low-level clouds and deep convective clouds are the two most common cloud types over the SO. A new method was developed to classify liquid, mixed-phase, and ice clouds in single-layered, low-level clouds (LOW), where mixed-phase clouds dominate with an occurrence frequency (Freq) of 54.5 %, while the Freqs of the liquid and ice clouds were 10.1 % (most drizzling) and 17.4 % (least drizzling). The meridional distributions of low-level cloud boundaries are nearly independent of latitude, whereas the cloud temperatures increased by ∼8 K, and atmospheric precipitable water vapor increased from ∼5 mm at 69 ∘ S to ∼18 mm at 43 ∘ S. The mean cloud liquid water paths over NSO were much larger than those over SSO. Most liquid clouds occurred over NSO, with very few over SSO, whereas more mixed-phase clouds occurred over SSO than over NSO. There were no significant differences for the ice cloud Freq between NSO and SSO. The ice particle sizes are comparable to cloud droplets and drizzle drops and well mixed in the cloud layer. These results will be valuable for advancing our understanding of the meridional and vertical distributions of clouds and can be used to improve model simulations over the SO. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
B. Xi X. Dong X. Zheng P. Wu |
author_facet |
B. Xi X. Dong X. Zheng P. Wu |
author_sort |
B. Xi |
title |
Cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean during the MARCUS field campaign |
title_short |
Cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean during the MARCUS field campaign |
title_full |
Cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean during the MARCUS field campaign |
title_fullStr |
Cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean during the MARCUS field campaign |
title_full_unstemmed |
Cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the Southern Ocean during the MARCUS field campaign |
title_sort |
cloud phase and macrophysical properties over the southern ocean during the marcus field campaign |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3761-2022 https://doaj.org/article/4bbb02a34a2c4b4bad87ec633addad40 |
geographic |
Southern Ocean |
geographic_facet |
Southern Ocean |
genre |
aurora australis Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
aurora australis Southern Ocean |
op_source |
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol 15, Pp 3761-3777 (2022) |
op_relation |
https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/15/3761/2022/amt-15-3761-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1867-1381 https://doaj.org/toc/1867-8548 doi:10.5194/amt-15-3761-2022 1867-1381 1867-8548 https://doaj.org/article/4bbb02a34a2c4b4bad87ec633addad40 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3761-2022 |
container_title |
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
12 |
container_start_page |
3761 |
op_container_end_page |
3777 |
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1766364432942759936 |