Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus
Abstract Background The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is characterized as a holoendemic malaria area with the main vectors being Anopheles funestus and members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Due to political instability and socio-economic challenges in the region, knowledge of insecticid...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:4a825ff6cab946ddb0d5eb05c7077b60 2023-05-15T15:18:14+02:00 Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus Luisa Nardini Richard H. Hunt Yael L. Dahan-Moss Nanette Christie Riann N. Christian Maureen Coetzee Lizette L. Koekemoer 2017-11-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y https://doaj.org/article/4a825ff6cab946ddb0d5eb05c7077b60 EN eng BMC http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y https://doaj.org/toc/1475-2875 doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y 1475-2875 https://doaj.org/article/4a825ff6cab946ddb0d5eb05c7077b60 Malaria Journal, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2017) Anopheles funestus Anopheles gambiae Deltamethrin resistance kdr Metabolic resistance P450s Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 article 2017 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y 2022-12-31T01:29:05Z Abstract Background The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is characterized as a holoendemic malaria area with the main vectors being Anopheles funestus and members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Due to political instability and socio-economic challenges in the region, knowledge of insecticide resistance status and resistance mechanisms in these vectors is limited. Mosquitoes were collected from a mining site in the north-eastern part of the country and, following identification, were subjected to extensive testing for the target-site and biochemical basis of resistance. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess a suite of 10 genes frequently involved in pyrethroid and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance in An. gambiae females and males. In An. funestus, gene expression microarray analysis was carried out on female mosquitoes. Results In both species, deltamethrin resistance was recorded along with high resistance and suspected resistance to DDT in An. gambiae and An. funestus, respectively. A total of 85% of An. gambiae carried the kdr mutations as either homozygous resistant (RR) (L1014S, L1014F or both) or heterozygous (RS), however only 3% carried the rdl mutant allele (RS) and no ace-1 mutations were recorded. Synergist assays indicated a strong role for P450s in deltamethrin resistance in both species. In An. gambiae, analysis of transcription levels showed that the glutathione-S-transferase, GSTS1-2, produced the highest fold change in expression (7.6-fold in females and 31-fold in males) followed by GSTE2, thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX2), and cytochrome oxidases (CYP6M2 and CYP6P1). All other genes tested produced fold change values below 2. Microarray analysis revealed significant over-transcription of cuticular proteins as well as CYP6M7, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b in insecticide resistant An. funestus. Conclusions These data show that high levels of deltamethrin resistance in the main malaria vector species, conferred by enzymatic detoxification, are present in the DRC. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Malaria Journal 16 1 |
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Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
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ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Anopheles funestus Anopheles gambiae Deltamethrin resistance kdr Metabolic resistance P450s Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 |
spellingShingle |
Anopheles funestus Anopheles gambiae Deltamethrin resistance kdr Metabolic resistance P450s Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 Luisa Nardini Richard H. Hunt Yael L. Dahan-Moss Nanette Christie Riann N. Christian Maureen Coetzee Lizette L. Koekemoer Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus |
topic_facet |
Anopheles funestus Anopheles gambiae Deltamethrin resistance kdr Metabolic resistance P450s Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 |
description |
Abstract Background The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is characterized as a holoendemic malaria area with the main vectors being Anopheles funestus and members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Due to political instability and socio-economic challenges in the region, knowledge of insecticide resistance status and resistance mechanisms in these vectors is limited. Mosquitoes were collected from a mining site in the north-eastern part of the country and, following identification, were subjected to extensive testing for the target-site and biochemical basis of resistance. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess a suite of 10 genes frequently involved in pyrethroid and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance in An. gambiae females and males. In An. funestus, gene expression microarray analysis was carried out on female mosquitoes. Results In both species, deltamethrin resistance was recorded along with high resistance and suspected resistance to DDT in An. gambiae and An. funestus, respectively. A total of 85% of An. gambiae carried the kdr mutations as either homozygous resistant (RR) (L1014S, L1014F or both) or heterozygous (RS), however only 3% carried the rdl mutant allele (RS) and no ace-1 mutations were recorded. Synergist assays indicated a strong role for P450s in deltamethrin resistance in both species. In An. gambiae, analysis of transcription levels showed that the glutathione-S-transferase, GSTS1-2, produced the highest fold change in expression (7.6-fold in females and 31-fold in males) followed by GSTE2, thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX2), and cytochrome oxidases (CYP6M2 and CYP6P1). All other genes tested produced fold change values below 2. Microarray analysis revealed significant over-transcription of cuticular proteins as well as CYP6M7, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b in insecticide resistant An. funestus. Conclusions These data show that high levels of deltamethrin resistance in the main malaria vector species, conferred by enzymatic detoxification, are present in the DRC. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Luisa Nardini Richard H. Hunt Yael L. Dahan-Moss Nanette Christie Riann N. Christian Maureen Coetzee Lizette L. Koekemoer |
author_facet |
Luisa Nardini Richard H. Hunt Yael L. Dahan-Moss Nanette Christie Riann N. Christian Maureen Coetzee Lizette L. Koekemoer |
author_sort |
Luisa Nardini |
title |
Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus |
title_short |
Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus |
title_full |
Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus |
title_fullStr |
Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus |
title_full_unstemmed |
Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus |
title_sort |
malaria vectors in the democratic republic of the congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus |
publisher |
BMC |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y https://doaj.org/article/4a825ff6cab946ddb0d5eb05c7077b60 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
Malaria Journal, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2017) |
op_relation |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y https://doaj.org/toc/1475-2875 doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y 1475-2875 https://doaj.org/article/4a825ff6cab946ddb0d5eb05c7077b60 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y |
container_title |
Malaria Journal |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
1 |
_version_ |
1766348446946557952 |