The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization
Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), caused by the bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis , is the main reason for antibiotic usage in the Chilean aquaculture industry. In 2016, a live attenuated vaccine (ALPHA JECT LiVac ® SRS, PHARMAQ AS) was licensed in Chile and has been widely used in farmed salm...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:48fe896a4e19445c905f66f056c7cc5a 2024-09-15T17:56:06+00:00 The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization Rolf Hetlelid Olsen Frode Finne-Fridell Marianne Bordevik Anja Nygaard Binoy Rajan Marius Karlsen 2024-04-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040416 https://doaj.org/article/48fe896a4e19445c905f66f056c7cc5a EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/4/416 https://doaj.org/toc/2076-393X doi:10.3390/vaccines12040416 2076-393X https://doaj.org/article/48fe896a4e19445c905f66f056c7cc5a Vaccines, Vol 12, Iss 4, p 416 (2024) Atlantic salmon Piscirickettsia salmonis salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) vaccine ALPHA JECT LiVac SRS Medicine R article 2024 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040416 2024-08-05T17:49:31Z Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), caused by the bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis , is the main reason for antibiotic usage in the Chilean aquaculture industry. In 2016, a live attenuated vaccine (ALPHA JECT LiVac ® SRS, PHARMAQ AS) was licensed in Chile and has been widely used in farmed salmonids since then. In experimental injection and cohabitation laboratory challenge models, we found that the vaccine is effective in protecting Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) for at least 15 months against P. salmonis -induced mortality. However, the protection offered by the vaccine is sensitive to temperature during immunization. Fish vaccinated and immunized at 10 °C and above were well protected, but those immunized at 7 °C and 8 °C (the lower end of the temperature range commonly found in Chile) experienced a significant loss of protection. This temperature-dependent loss of effect correlated with the amount of vaccine-strain RNA detected in the liver the first week after vaccination and with in vitro growth curves, which failed to detect any growth at 8 °C. We found that good vaccine efficacy can be restored by exposing fish to 15 °C for the first five days after vaccination before lowering the temperature to 7 °C for the remaining immunization period. This suggests that maintaining the correct temperature during the first few days after vaccination is crucial for achieving a protective immune response with ALPHA JECT LiVac ® SRS. Our results emphasize the importance of temperature control when vaccinating poikilothermic animals with live vaccines. Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Vaccines 12 4 416 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Atlantic salmon Piscirickettsia salmonis salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) vaccine ALPHA JECT LiVac SRS Medicine R |
spellingShingle |
Atlantic salmon Piscirickettsia salmonis salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) vaccine ALPHA JECT LiVac SRS Medicine R Rolf Hetlelid Olsen Frode Finne-Fridell Marianne Bordevik Anja Nygaard Binoy Rajan Marius Karlsen The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization |
topic_facet |
Atlantic salmon Piscirickettsia salmonis salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) vaccine ALPHA JECT LiVac SRS Medicine R |
description |
Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), caused by the bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis , is the main reason for antibiotic usage in the Chilean aquaculture industry. In 2016, a live attenuated vaccine (ALPHA JECT LiVac ® SRS, PHARMAQ AS) was licensed in Chile and has been widely used in farmed salmonids since then. In experimental injection and cohabitation laboratory challenge models, we found that the vaccine is effective in protecting Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) for at least 15 months against P. salmonis -induced mortality. However, the protection offered by the vaccine is sensitive to temperature during immunization. Fish vaccinated and immunized at 10 °C and above were well protected, but those immunized at 7 °C and 8 °C (the lower end of the temperature range commonly found in Chile) experienced a significant loss of protection. This temperature-dependent loss of effect correlated with the amount of vaccine-strain RNA detected in the liver the first week after vaccination and with in vitro growth curves, which failed to detect any growth at 8 °C. We found that good vaccine efficacy can be restored by exposing fish to 15 °C for the first five days after vaccination before lowering the temperature to 7 °C for the remaining immunization period. This suggests that maintaining the correct temperature during the first few days after vaccination is crucial for achieving a protective immune response with ALPHA JECT LiVac ® SRS. Our results emphasize the importance of temperature control when vaccinating poikilothermic animals with live vaccines. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Rolf Hetlelid Olsen Frode Finne-Fridell Marianne Bordevik Anja Nygaard Binoy Rajan Marius Karlsen |
author_facet |
Rolf Hetlelid Olsen Frode Finne-Fridell Marianne Bordevik Anja Nygaard Binoy Rajan Marius Karlsen |
author_sort |
Rolf Hetlelid Olsen |
title |
The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization |
title_short |
The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization |
title_full |
The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization |
title_fullStr |
The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Effect of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Is Highly Dependent on Water Temperature during Immunization |
title_sort |
effect of an attenuated live vaccine against salmonid rickettsial septicemia in atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) is highly dependent on water temperature during immunization |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2024 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040416 https://doaj.org/article/48fe896a4e19445c905f66f056c7cc5a |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
Vaccines, Vol 12, Iss 4, p 416 (2024) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/4/416 https://doaj.org/toc/2076-393X doi:10.3390/vaccines12040416 2076-393X https://doaj.org/article/48fe896a4e19445c905f66f056c7cc5a |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040416 |
container_title |
Vaccines |
container_volume |
12 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
416 |
_version_ |
1810432312827969536 |