The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification
Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on noncalcifying organisms and the possibly responsible mechanism have aroused great research interests with the intensification of global warming. The present study focused on a noxious, noncalcifying, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi ( K. mikimoto...
Published in: | Toxins |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 https://doaj.org/article/3f8df66e0cc94e23b98a7db443ec0d2b |
id |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:3f8df66e0cc94e23b98a7db443ec0d2b |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:3f8df66e0cc94e23b98a7db443ec0d2b 2023-05-15T17:51:59+02:00 The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification Yuanyuan Li Zhengli Zhou Yijun Li Yanqun Wang Mengxue Xu Bin Zhou Keyu Lu You Wang 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 https://doaj.org/article/3f8df66e0cc94e23b98a7db443ec0d2b EN eng MDPI AG https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/9/629 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651 doi:10.3390/toxins13090629 2072-6651 https://doaj.org/article/3f8df66e0cc94e23b98a7db443ec0d2b Toxins, Vol 13, Iss 629, p 629 (2021) seawater acidification Karenia mikimotoi apoptosis cell cycle photosynthetic carbon fixation growth modes Medicine R article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 2022-12-30T21:09:59Z Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on noncalcifying organisms and the possibly responsible mechanism have aroused great research interests with the intensification of global warming. The present study focused on a noxious, noncalcifying, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi ( K. mikimotoi ), and its variation of growth patterns exposed to different periods of seawater acidification with stressing gradients was discussed. The dinoflagellates under short-time acidifying stress (2d) with different levels of CO 2 presented significant growth inhibition ( p < 0.05). The cell cycle was obviously inhibited at S phase, and the photosynthetic carbon fixation was also greatly suppressed ( p < 0.05). Apoptosis was observed and the apoptotic rate increased with the increment of p CO 2 . Similar tendencies were observed in the key components of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), Caspase-3 and -9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio). However, under prolonged stressing time (8 d and 15 d), the growth of dinoflagellates was recovered or even stimulated, the photosynthetic carbon fixation was significantly increased ( p < 0.05), the cell cycle of division presented little difference with those in the control, and no apoptosis was observed ( p > 0.05). Besides, acidification adjusted by HCl addition and CO 2 enrichment resulted in different growth performances, while the latter had a more negative impact. The results of present study indicated that (1) the short-time exposure to acidified seawater led to reduced growth performance via inducing apoptosis, blocking of cell cycle, and the alteration in photosynthetic carbon fixation. (2) K. mikimotoi had undergone adaptive changes under long-term exposure to CO 2 induced seawater acidification. This further demonstrated that K. mikimotoi has strong adaptability in the face of seawater acidification, and this may be one of the reasons for the frequent outbreak of red tide. (3) Ions that dissociated by the dissolved CO 2 , instead of ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Ocean acidification Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Toxins 13 9 629 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
seawater acidification Karenia mikimotoi apoptosis cell cycle photosynthetic carbon fixation growth modes Medicine R |
spellingShingle |
seawater acidification Karenia mikimotoi apoptosis cell cycle photosynthetic carbon fixation growth modes Medicine R Yuanyuan Li Zhengli Zhou Yijun Li Yanqun Wang Mengxue Xu Bin Zhou Keyu Lu You Wang The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
topic_facet |
seawater acidification Karenia mikimotoi apoptosis cell cycle photosynthetic carbon fixation growth modes Medicine R |
description |
Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on noncalcifying organisms and the possibly responsible mechanism have aroused great research interests with the intensification of global warming. The present study focused on a noxious, noncalcifying, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi ( K. mikimotoi ), and its variation of growth patterns exposed to different periods of seawater acidification with stressing gradients was discussed. The dinoflagellates under short-time acidifying stress (2d) with different levels of CO 2 presented significant growth inhibition ( p < 0.05). The cell cycle was obviously inhibited at S phase, and the photosynthetic carbon fixation was also greatly suppressed ( p < 0.05). Apoptosis was observed and the apoptotic rate increased with the increment of p CO 2 . Similar tendencies were observed in the key components of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), Caspase-3 and -9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio). However, under prolonged stressing time (8 d and 15 d), the growth of dinoflagellates was recovered or even stimulated, the photosynthetic carbon fixation was significantly increased ( p < 0.05), the cell cycle of division presented little difference with those in the control, and no apoptosis was observed ( p > 0.05). Besides, acidification adjusted by HCl addition and CO 2 enrichment resulted in different growth performances, while the latter had a more negative impact. The results of present study indicated that (1) the short-time exposure to acidified seawater led to reduced growth performance via inducing apoptosis, blocking of cell cycle, and the alteration in photosynthetic carbon fixation. (2) K. mikimotoi had undergone adaptive changes under long-term exposure to CO 2 induced seawater acidification. This further demonstrated that K. mikimotoi has strong adaptability in the face of seawater acidification, and this may be one of the reasons for the frequent outbreak of red tide. (3) Ions that dissociated by the dissolved CO 2 , instead of ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Yuanyuan Li Zhengli Zhou Yijun Li Yanqun Wang Mengxue Xu Bin Zhou Keyu Lu You Wang |
author_facet |
Yuanyuan Li Zhengli Zhou Yijun Li Yanqun Wang Mengxue Xu Bin Zhou Keyu Lu You Wang |
author_sort |
Yuanyuan Li |
title |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_short |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_full |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_fullStr |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi Adopts Different Growth Modes When Exposed to Short or Long Period of Seawater Acidification |
title_sort |
bloom-forming dinoflagellate karenia mikimotoi adopts different growth modes when exposed to short or long period of seawater acidification |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 https://doaj.org/article/3f8df66e0cc94e23b98a7db443ec0d2b |
genre |
Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Ocean acidification |
op_source |
Toxins, Vol 13, Iss 629, p 629 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/9/629 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651 doi:10.3390/toxins13090629 2072-6651 https://doaj.org/article/3f8df66e0cc94e23b98a7db443ec0d2b |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090629 |
container_title |
Toxins |
container_volume |
13 |
container_issue |
9 |
container_start_page |
629 |
_version_ |
1766159299119153152 |