Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound
Potential responses of marine mammals to anthropogenic underwater sound are usually assessed by researchers and regulators on the basis of exposure to a single, relatively loud sound source. However, marine mammals typically receive sounds from multiple, dynamic sources. We developed a method to agg...
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:3a219b0b3e294174b024256cda1cf263 2023-05-15T15:35:58+02:00 Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound Ellison, WT Racca, R Clark, CW Streever, B Frankel, AS Fleishman, E Angliss, R Berger, J Ketten, D Guerra, M Leu, M McKenna, M Sformo, T Southall, B Suydam, R Thomas, L 2016-05-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00727 https://doaj.org/article/3a219b0b3e294174b024256cda1cf263 EN eng Inter-Research https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v30/p95-108/ https://doaj.org/toc/1863-5407 https://doaj.org/toc/1613-4796 1863-5407 1613-4796 doi:10.3354/esr00727 https://doaj.org/article/3a219b0b3e294174b024256cda1cf263 Endangered Species Research, Vol 30, Pp 95-108 (2016) Zoology QL1-991 Botany QK1-989 article 2016 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00727 2022-12-31T03:55:55Z Potential responses of marine mammals to anthropogenic underwater sound are usually assessed by researchers and regulators on the basis of exposure to a single, relatively loud sound source. However, marine mammals typically receive sounds from multiple, dynamic sources. We developed a method to aggregate modeled sounds from multiple sources and estimate the sound levels received by individuals. To illustrate the method, we modeled the sound fields of 9 sources associated with oil development and estimated the sound received over 47 d by a population of 10000 simulated bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus on their annual migration through the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Empirical data were sufficient to parameterize simulations of the distribution of individual whales over time and their range of movement patterns. We ran 2 simulations to estimate the sound exposure history and distances traveled by bowhead whales: one in which they could change their movement paths (avert) in response to set levels of sound and one in which they could not avert. When animals could not avert, about 2% of the simulated population was exposed to root mean square (rms) sound pressure levels (SPL) ≥180 dB re 1 µPa, a level that regulators in the U.S. often associate with injury. When animals could avert from sound levels that regulators often associate with behavioral disturbance (rms SPL >160 dB re 1 µPa), <1% of the simulated population was exposed to levels associated with injury. Nevertheless, many simulated bowhead whales received sound levels considerably above ambient throughout their migration. Our method enables estimates of the aggregated level of sound to which populations are exposed over extensive areas and time periods. Article in Journal/Newspaper Balaena mysticetus Beaufort Sea Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Endangered Species Research 30 95 108 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
Zoology QL1-991 Botany QK1-989 |
spellingShingle |
Zoology QL1-991 Botany QK1-989 Ellison, WT Racca, R Clark, CW Streever, B Frankel, AS Fleishman, E Angliss, R Berger, J Ketten, D Guerra, M Leu, M McKenna, M Sformo, T Southall, B Suydam, R Thomas, L Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
topic_facet |
Zoology QL1-991 Botany QK1-989 |
description |
Potential responses of marine mammals to anthropogenic underwater sound are usually assessed by researchers and regulators on the basis of exposure to a single, relatively loud sound source. However, marine mammals typically receive sounds from multiple, dynamic sources. We developed a method to aggregate modeled sounds from multiple sources and estimate the sound levels received by individuals. To illustrate the method, we modeled the sound fields of 9 sources associated with oil development and estimated the sound received over 47 d by a population of 10000 simulated bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus on their annual migration through the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Empirical data were sufficient to parameterize simulations of the distribution of individual whales over time and their range of movement patterns. We ran 2 simulations to estimate the sound exposure history and distances traveled by bowhead whales: one in which they could change their movement paths (avert) in response to set levels of sound and one in which they could not avert. When animals could not avert, about 2% of the simulated population was exposed to root mean square (rms) sound pressure levels (SPL) ≥180 dB re 1 µPa, a level that regulators in the U.S. often associate with injury. When animals could avert from sound levels that regulators often associate with behavioral disturbance (rms SPL >160 dB re 1 µPa), <1% of the simulated population was exposed to levels associated with injury. Nevertheless, many simulated bowhead whales received sound levels considerably above ambient throughout their migration. Our method enables estimates of the aggregated level of sound to which populations are exposed over extensive areas and time periods. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Ellison, WT Racca, R Clark, CW Streever, B Frankel, AS Fleishman, E Angliss, R Berger, J Ketten, D Guerra, M Leu, M McKenna, M Sformo, T Southall, B Suydam, R Thomas, L |
author_facet |
Ellison, WT Racca, R Clark, CW Streever, B Frankel, AS Fleishman, E Angliss, R Berger, J Ketten, D Guerra, M Leu, M McKenna, M Sformo, T Southall, B Suydam, R Thomas, L |
author_sort |
Ellison, WT |
title |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_short |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_full |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_fullStr |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_full_unstemmed |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_sort |
modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
publisher |
Inter-Research |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00727 https://doaj.org/article/3a219b0b3e294174b024256cda1cf263 |
genre |
Balaena mysticetus Beaufort Sea |
genre_facet |
Balaena mysticetus Beaufort Sea |
op_source |
Endangered Species Research, Vol 30, Pp 95-108 (2016) |
op_relation |
https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v30/p95-108/ https://doaj.org/toc/1863-5407 https://doaj.org/toc/1613-4796 1863-5407 1613-4796 doi:10.3354/esr00727 https://doaj.org/article/3a219b0b3e294174b024256cda1cf263 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00727 |
container_title |
Endangered Species Research |
container_volume |
30 |
container_start_page |
95 |
op_container_end_page |
108 |
_version_ |
1766366308009508864 |