Carbon Export in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone North of Svalbard From Winter to Late Summer
Phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic Ocean's seasonal sea ice zone are expected to start earlier and occur further north with retreating and thinning sea ice cover. The current study is the first compilation of phytoplankton bloom development and fate in the seasonally variable sea ice zone north...
Published in: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.525800 https://doaj.org/article/38b38c53ae904fcda1cef32bed0dad6b |
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ftdoajarticles:oai:doaj.org/article:38b38c53ae904fcda1cef32bed0dad6b 2023-05-15T14:58:07+02:00 Carbon Export in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone North of Svalbard From Winter to Late Summer Christine Dybwad Philipp Assmy Lasse M. Olsen Ilka Peeken Anna Nikolopoulos Thomas Krumpen Achim Randelhoff Agnieszka Tatarek Józef M. Wiktor Marit Reigstad 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.525800 https://doaj.org/article/38b38c53ae904fcda1cef32bed0dad6b EN eng Frontiers Media S.A. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.525800/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.525800 https://doaj.org/article/38b38c53ae904fcda1cef32bed0dad6b Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 7 (2021) vertical carbon export sea ice phytoplankton seasonality Arctic ocean under-ice bloom Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 article 2021 ftdoajarticles https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.525800 2022-12-31T07:53:13Z Phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic Ocean's seasonal sea ice zone are expected to start earlier and occur further north with retreating and thinning sea ice cover. The current study is the first compilation of phytoplankton bloom development and fate in the seasonally variable sea ice zone north of Svalbard from winter to late summer, using short-term sediment trap deployments. Clear seasonal patterns were discovered, with low winter and pre-bloom phytoplankton standing stocks and export fluxes, a short and intense productive season in May and June, and low Chl a standing stocks but moderate carbon export fluxes in the autumn post-bloom conditions. We observed intense phytoplankton blooms with Chl a standing stocks of >350 mg m−2 below consolidated sea ice cover, dominated by the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis pouchetii. The largest vertical organic carbon export fluxes to 100 m, of up to 513 mg C m−2 day−1, were recorded at stations dominated by diatoms, while those dominated by P. pouchetii recorded carbon export fluxes up to 310 mg C m−2 day−1. Fecal pellets from krill and copepods contributed a substantial fraction to carbon export in certain areas, especially where blooms of P. pouchetii dominated and Atlantic water advection was prominent. The interplay between the taxonomic composition of protist assemblages, large grazers, distance to open water, and Atlantic water advection was found to be crucial in determining the fate of the blooms and the magnitude of organic carbon exported out of the surface water column. Previously, the marginal ice zone was considered the most productive region in the area, but our study reveals intense blooms and high export events in ice-covered waters. This is the first comprehensive study on carbon export fluxes for under-ice phytoplankton blooms, a phenomenon suggested to have increased in importance under the new Arctic sea ice regime. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton Sea ice Svalbard Copepods ice covered waters Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles Arctic Arctic Ocean Svalbard Frontiers in Marine Science 7 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Directory of Open Access Journals: DOAJ Articles |
op_collection_id |
ftdoajarticles |
language |
English |
topic |
vertical carbon export sea ice phytoplankton seasonality Arctic ocean under-ice bloom Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
spellingShingle |
vertical carbon export sea ice phytoplankton seasonality Arctic ocean under-ice bloom Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Christine Dybwad Philipp Assmy Lasse M. Olsen Ilka Peeken Anna Nikolopoulos Thomas Krumpen Achim Randelhoff Agnieszka Tatarek Józef M. Wiktor Marit Reigstad Carbon Export in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone North of Svalbard From Winter to Late Summer |
topic_facet |
vertical carbon export sea ice phytoplankton seasonality Arctic ocean under-ice bloom Science Q General. Including nature conservation geographical distribution QH1-199.5 |
description |
Phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic Ocean's seasonal sea ice zone are expected to start earlier and occur further north with retreating and thinning sea ice cover. The current study is the first compilation of phytoplankton bloom development and fate in the seasonally variable sea ice zone north of Svalbard from winter to late summer, using short-term sediment trap deployments. Clear seasonal patterns were discovered, with low winter and pre-bloom phytoplankton standing stocks and export fluxes, a short and intense productive season in May and June, and low Chl a standing stocks but moderate carbon export fluxes in the autumn post-bloom conditions. We observed intense phytoplankton blooms with Chl a standing stocks of >350 mg m−2 below consolidated sea ice cover, dominated by the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis pouchetii. The largest vertical organic carbon export fluxes to 100 m, of up to 513 mg C m−2 day−1, were recorded at stations dominated by diatoms, while those dominated by P. pouchetii recorded carbon export fluxes up to 310 mg C m−2 day−1. Fecal pellets from krill and copepods contributed a substantial fraction to carbon export in certain areas, especially where blooms of P. pouchetii dominated and Atlantic water advection was prominent. The interplay between the taxonomic composition of protist assemblages, large grazers, distance to open water, and Atlantic water advection was found to be crucial in determining the fate of the blooms and the magnitude of organic carbon exported out of the surface water column. Previously, the marginal ice zone was considered the most productive region in the area, but our study reveals intense blooms and high export events in ice-covered waters. This is the first comprehensive study on carbon export fluxes for under-ice phytoplankton blooms, a phenomenon suggested to have increased in importance under the new Arctic sea ice regime. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Christine Dybwad Philipp Assmy Lasse M. Olsen Ilka Peeken Anna Nikolopoulos Thomas Krumpen Achim Randelhoff Agnieszka Tatarek Józef M. Wiktor Marit Reigstad |
author_facet |
Christine Dybwad Philipp Assmy Lasse M. Olsen Ilka Peeken Anna Nikolopoulos Thomas Krumpen Achim Randelhoff Agnieszka Tatarek Józef M. Wiktor Marit Reigstad |
author_sort |
Christine Dybwad |
title |
Carbon Export in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone North of Svalbard From Winter to Late Summer |
title_short |
Carbon Export in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone North of Svalbard From Winter to Late Summer |
title_full |
Carbon Export in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone North of Svalbard From Winter to Late Summer |
title_fullStr |
Carbon Export in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone North of Svalbard From Winter to Late Summer |
title_full_unstemmed |
Carbon Export in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone North of Svalbard From Winter to Late Summer |
title_sort |
carbon export in the seasonal sea ice zone north of svalbard from winter to late summer |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.525800 https://doaj.org/article/38b38c53ae904fcda1cef32bed0dad6b |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Svalbard |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Svalbard |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton Sea ice Svalbard Copepods ice covered waters |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton Sea ice Svalbard Copepods ice covered waters |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol 7 (2021) |
op_relation |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.525800/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745 2296-7745 doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.525800 https://doaj.org/article/38b38c53ae904fcda1cef32bed0dad6b |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.525800 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
7 |
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1766330217181216768 |